AP Human Geography Language Flashcards
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| 586500230 | Language and Example | ~A set of sounds and symbols that is used for communication. Examples: English, French, Spanish, Basque*, Swedish | 0 | |
| 586500231 | What are two things languages do for different cultures? | ~Reflects where a culture has been, what a culture values, and even how people in a culture think, describe, and experience things. ~Helps bind a cultural identity. | 1 | |
| 586500232 | Vocabulary | ~Words used to describe new experiences, ideas, and feelings. | 2 | |
| 586500233 | Which governments had policies of forced assimilation in the twentieth century? | ~American ~Canadian ~Australian ~Russian ~New Zealand | 3 | |
| 586500234 | Mutual Intelligibility and Example | ~Ability of two people to understand each other when speaking. Examples: Spanish and Portuguese, Czech and Slovakian, Spanish and Italian, Finnish and Swedish | 4 | |
| 586500236 | How many languages are in India? | ~More than 600 languages. | 5 | |
| 586500237 | How many languages are in Africa? | ~More than 1000 languages. | 6 | |
| 586500238 | Standard Language and Example | ~A language that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught. Example: Quebec and French. | 7 | |
| 586500239 | Dialects and Example | ~Regional characteristics of a language, most important aspect is vocabulary differences. Examples: American-English and British-English, American-English and Irish-English, American-English and Canadian-English. | 8 | |
| 586500240 | Syntax | ~The manner in which words are arranged into sentences. | 9 | |
| 586500241 | Cadence | ~The rhythm of speech. | 10 | |
| 586500242 | Dialect Chains | ~A set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related. | 11 | |
| 586500243 | What can reveal the source area of a dialect? | ~A single word or group of words can reveal the source area of the dialect. | 12 | |
| 586500244 | Isogloss | ~A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs. | 13 | |
| 586500245 | What do fuzzy isoglosses signify? | ~Fuzzy isoglosses can signify if a dialect has expanded or contracted. | 14 | |
| 586500246 | Language Families and Example | ~A group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin. Example: Indo-European | 15 | |
| 586500247 | Sub-families | ~Divisions within a language family where the commonalties are more definite and the origin is more recent. | 16 | |
| 586500248 | Sound Shift and Example | ~A slight change in a word across languages within a sub-family or through a language family. Examples: Milk-lacte, latta, leche, lait Eight-oto, otto, ocho | 17 | |
| 586500251 | Proto-Indo-European | ~Hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language. | 18 | |
| 586500252 | Backward Reconstruction and Example | ~The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language. Examples: "milk" in English, "melk" in Dutch, "milche" in German. | 19 | |
| 586500253 | Extinct Language and Example | ~Language without any native speakers. Example: Apalachee | 20 | |
| 586500254 | Dead Language | ~Language not used for normal, everyday use. | 21 | |
| 586500255 | Nostratic Language and Example | ~The ancestor of Proto-Indo-European and many other language families. Examples: Kartvelian languages, Uralic-Altaic, Dravadian, Afro-Asiatic | 22 | |
| 586500256 | Language Divergence and Example | ~When a language breaks down and eventually forms two different languages. Example: Spanish and Portuguese | 23 | |
| 586500257 | Language Convergence and Example | ~The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages. Example: Maltese and English into Malta | 24 | |
| 586500258 | Renfrew Hypothesis and Connection | ~Hypothesis developed by British scholar Colin Renfrew wherein he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Indo-European, North African and Arabian, and the present day languages in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. Connection: Agricultural Hearth | 25 | |
| 586500259 | Conquest Theory | ~One major theory of how Proto-Indo European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues. | 26 | |
| 586500260 | Dispersal Hypothesis | ~Hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and onto the Balkans. | 27 | |
| 586500261 | Romance Languages | ~Languages that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed. | 28 | |
| 586500262 | What are the Romance Languages? | ~French ~Spanish ~Italian ~Romanian ~Portuguese | 29 | |
| 586500263 | Germanic Languages | ~Languages that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south. | 30 | |
| 586500264 | What are the Germanic Languages? | ~English ~German ~Danish ~Norwegian ~Swedish | 31 | |
| 586500265 | Slavic Language | ~Languages that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago. | 32 | |
| 586500266 | What are the Slavic Languages? | ~Russian ~Polish ~Czech ~Slovak ~Ukrainian ~Slovenian ~Serbo-Croatian ~Bulgarian | 33 | |
| 586500267 | Lingua Franca | ~A term referring to a "common language" used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. | 34 | |
| 586500268 | Pidgin Language | ~When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary. | 35 | |
| 586500269 | Creole Language and Example | ~A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people. Example: Sango, Kinubi | 36 | |
| 586500270 | Monolingual States and Example | ~Countries in which only one language is spoken. Example: Although there are no true monolingual states, if given this question, an example would be Japan or Iceland | 37 | |
| 586500271 | Multilingual States and Example | ~Countries in which more than one language is spoken. Examples: Canada, Belgium, U.S, Peru | 38 | |
| 586500272 | Official Language | ~In multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote unity. ~Usually used in courts and government. | 39 | |
| 586500273 | Global Language | ~The language used most commonly around the world. Example: English | 40 | |
| 586500274 | Toponyms | ~Place name. | 41 | |
| 592856718 | What are the Uralic Languages? | ~Finnish ~Hungarian ~Estonian. | 42 | |
| 592920608 | What are the Altaic Languages? | ~Turkish | 43 | |
| 595655100 | Memorial toponyms and Example | ~To remember somebody. Examples: FDR Drive, Washington Monument | 44 | |
| 595655101 | Commodification of toponyms examples | Examples: Disneyland in Tokyo and Paris; FedEx Field; Coors Field; Times square | 45 | |
| 595655102 | Post-revolution toponyms and Examples | ~After revolution or independence gain. Examples: Democratic republic of Congo. Leningrad to St. Petersburg | 46 | |
| 595655103 | Post-colonial toponyms and Example | ~Change in power. Examples: Bombay to Mumbai Northern Rhodesia to Zambia Southern Rhodesia to Zimbabwe | 47 |