AP Psychology-Language and Thinking Flashcards

From chapter ten of Psychology by David Meyers

3517621731	cognition	The combined function of thinking, remembering, knowing, and communicating information.	0
3517621732	concept	A mental gathering of similar events, concepts and people.	1
3517621733	prototype	The ideal example of a particular category.	2
3517621734	algorithm	A standard fixed procedure to approach and solve problems with. like a formula. sometimes it can be slow but it guarantees success.	3
3517621735	heuristic	A relatively simple thinking strategies that allow us to make decisions and judgment calls. unlike algorithms they are more efficient, but they do not always guarantee success.	4
3517621736	insight	A sudden and unique realization to the answer of a problem can lead to success after trial and error or inspire a new instance of trial and error.	5
3517621737	confirmation bias	A typical obstacle in problem solving. it is the tendency to look for evidence that confirms our own beliefs/preconceptions on the subject matter at hand.	6
3517621738	fixation	The difficulty in not being able to look at a problem in a new way.	7
3517621739	mental set	The tendency to apply a problem-solving strategy even when it is no longer helpful.	8
3517621740	functional fixedness	This is a type of fixation where the individual can only think of other tings in relation to their own functions.	9
3517621741	representativeness heuristic	Tendency to predict the likelihood of things in respects to how well they conform to one's own prototypes.	10
3517621742	availability heuristic	Based on guessing the probability of certain events depending on how quickly they come to mind.	11
3517621743	overconfidence	Tendency to overestimate the correctness of one's own beliefs and judgments.	12
3517621744	framing	The way a question is worded which can affect people's perception on of the issue/answer to the question/problem.	13
3517621745	belief bias	Tendency for one's preconceptions/beliefs to become an obstacle in objective reasoning.	14
3517621746	belief perseverance	The tendency for people to continue to support a particular belief even though they are given info that invalidates that belief.	15
3517621747	language	Spoken, written, or gestured words and how they are used to carry meaning	16
3517621748	phonemes	Smallest unit of language. these sounds are relatively distinctive for different languages.	17
3517621749	morphemes	Smallest units of language that carry meaning. the word "dogs" has four phonemes, but two morphemes. "dog" and "s" this meaning dog (concept) and there are multiple ("s").	18
3517621750	grammar	The rules that allow us to organize language so that we can understand and communicate with others.	19
3517621751	semantics	Aspect of grammar that allows us to acquire meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language.	20
3517621752	syntax	Aspect of grammar that specifies the rules of sentence structure to create grammatically sound sentences to allow for effective communication.	21
3517621753	babbling	Atage of speech development in infants at around 4 months. characterized by spontaneous utterance of speech-related sounds.	22
3517621754	one-word stage	Stage between 1-2 years when babies speak in single words.	23
3517621755	two-word stage	Stage starting at around 2 years when children begin to speak mostly in two-word sentences.	24
3517621756	telegraphic speech	The economical (unwasteful) telegram-like speech of children in the two-word stage. However the words are in grammatical order indicating the child has gained an understanding of the languages syntactic rules.	25
3517621757	linguistic determinism	Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.	26
3517621758	Apes and language	Scientists beleive that apes do possess language to some extent, but nowhere near human capability. some skeptics believe it is merely conditioning. however, Washoe and her adoptive baby learned to sign with each other and eventually other apes in the enclosure began to sign to one another to communicate.	27
3517621759	Tversky and Kahneman	Two cognitive psychologists that identified the representativeness and availability heuristic.	28
3517621760	intuition	Smart intuition that is created through experience can be very useful. I.E. an expert chess player will know the right move after a short glance at the board.	29
3517621761	Critical period	There is an ideal timeframe for children to acquire a first language and truly master it. proven to be the same with apes and sign language.	30
3520379439	Aphasia	Impairment of language, usually cause by left-hemisphere damage ether to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).	31
3520390605	Broca's Area	Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe usually in left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.	32
3520405341	Wernicke's Area	Controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.	33