Exploring Psychology- Myers 9th edition Chapter 7 Flashcards

6404479074	learning	Gaining new information and behaviors by experience. (p. 238)	0
6404479075	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together. (p. 238)	1
6404479076	stimulus	Something that evokes a response (p. 238)	2
6404479077	cognitive learning	Gaining mental information (p. 239)	3
6404479078	classical conditioning	Learning where someone links events and then anticipates events.	4
6404479079	behaviorism	the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).	5
6404479080	neutral stimulus (NS)	Stimulus that does NOTHING, before classical conditioning.	6
6404479081	unconditioned response (UR)	The response to an unconditioned stimulus.	7
6404479082	unconditioned stimulus (US)	Naturally triggers a response, without conditioning	8
6404479083	conditioned response (CR)	Learned response to a previous neutral stimulus as a result of conditioning.	9
6404479084	conditioned stimulus (CS)	Causes a response AFTER conditioning.	10
6404479085	acquisition	in classical conditioning, the initial stage of an association. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.	11
6404479086	extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.	12
6404479087	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.	13
6404479088	generalization	When similar stimuli get the same response.	14
6404479089	discrimination	The ability to tell the difference between a conditioned stimulus and a similar stimulus.	15
6404479090	operant conditioning	Learning where behavior is strengthened by reinforcement and diminished by punishment.	16
6404479091	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.	17
6404479092	operant chamber	in operant conditioning, the animal box.	18
6404479093	reinforcement	Any event that strengthens a behavior.	19
6404479094	shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.	20
6404479095	positive reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.	21
6404479096	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.)	22
6404479097	primary reinforcer	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.	23
6404479098	conditioned reinforcer	a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.	24
6404479099	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.	25
6404479100	reinforcement schedule	a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.	26
6404479101	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.	27
6404479102	fixed-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.	28
6404479103	variable-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.	29
6404479104	fixed-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.	30
6404479105	variable-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.	31
6404479106	punishment	an event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows.	32
6404479107	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.	33
6404479108	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.	34
6404479109	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.	35
6404479110	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.	36
6404479111	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.	37
6404479112	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.	38
6404479113	observational learning	learning by observing others.	39
6404479114	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.	40
6404479115	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy.	41
6404479116	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.	42