Exploring Psychology 9th Edition Chapter 12 Flashcards

Exploring Psychology 9th Edition by David G. Meyers. Terms for chapter 12: Personality.

3986424113	Personality	An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	0
3986424114	Psychodynamic Theories	View personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.	1
3986424115	Unconscious	According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.	2
3986424116	Free Association	In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.	3
3986424117	Id	A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.	4
3986424118	Ego	The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.	5
3986424119	Superego	The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations.	6
3986424120	Psychosexual Stages	The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.	7
3986424121	Oedipus Complex	According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.	8
3986424122	Identification	The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.	9
3986424123	Fixation	According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.	10
3986424124	Defense Mechanisms	In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.	11
3986424125	Repression	In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.	12
3986424126	Collective Unconsciousness	Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.	13
3986424127	Projective Test	A personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.	14
3986424128	Rorschach Inkblot Test	The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.	15
3986424129	Humanistic Theories	View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.	16
3986424130	Self-Actualization	According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.	17
3986424131	Unconditional Positive Regard	According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.	18
3986424132	Self-Concept	All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"	19
3986424133	Trait	A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.	20
3986424134	Personality Inventory	A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.	21
3986424135	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)	The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.	22
3986424136	Empirically Derived Test	A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.	23
3986424137	Social-Cognitive Perspective	Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.	24
3986424138	Reciprocal Determinism	Interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.	25
3986424139	Self	In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.	26
3986424140	Spotlight Effect	Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).	27
3986424141	Self-esteem	One's feelings of high or low self-worth.	28
3986424142	Self-efficacy	One's sense of competence and effectiveness.	29
3986424143	Self-serving Bias	A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.	30
3986424144	Narcissism	Excessive self-love and self-absorption.	31
3986424145	Individualism	Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.	32
3986424146	Collectivism	Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.	33
3986427341	Psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality that attributes thought and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions	34
3986489632	Pleasure Principle	what the id operates on; it seeks immediate gratification	35
3986491039	Reality Principle	what the ego operates on; seeks to gratify id's impulses in realistic ways that will bring long-term pleasure	36
3986499618	Oral Stage 0-18 mo	pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, biting, chewing	37
3986505242	Anal Stage 18-36 mo	pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control	38
3986509621	Phallic Stage 3-6 yr	pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings	39
3986512022	Latency 6-puberty	a phase of dormant sexual feelings	40
3986514767	Genital puberty-on	maturation of sexual interests	41
3986518296	Erogenous zones	pleasure-sensitive areas	42
3986519794	Electra complex	girls parallel to Oedipus Complex	43
3986528742	unconsciously	all defense mechanisms function indirectly and ____	44
3986534697	Regression	retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated	45
3986537046	Reaction formation	Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites	46
3986541093	Projection	Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others	47
3986545817	Rationalization	Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions	48
3986549158	Displacement	Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person	49
3986552057	Denial	Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities	50
3986562967	False Consensus Effect	tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors	51
3988700507	Factor analysis	statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of a trait	52
3988738202	The "Big Five" Personality Factors	Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion	53