AP Human Geography - Language Flashcards

5204098757	Accent	a distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class	0
5204098758	Anatolian Hypothesis	Proposes that the dispersal of Proto-Indo-Europeans originated in Neolithic Anatolia. The hypothesis suggests that the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era, and associates the distribution of historical Indo-European languages with the expansion during the Neolithic revolution of the seventh and sixth millennia BC. An alternative (and academically more favored view) is the Kurgan hypothesis	1
5204098759	Kurgan Hypothesis	most widely accepted proposal of several solutions to explain the origins and spread of the Indo-European languages.[note 1] It postulates that the people of an archaeological "Kurgan culture" in the Pontic steppe were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language. The term is derived from kurgan (курган), a Turkic loanword in Russian for a tumulus or burial mound.	2
5204098760	Nostratic Hypothesis	hypothesized ancestral language of Proto-Indo-European, as well as other ancestral language families	3
5204098761	Creole	a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue of a region and/or people	4
5204098762	Dialect	local or regional characteristics of a language. More than just a different accent, dialects have distinctive grammar and vocabulary	5
5204098763	Extinct Language	A language that is going extinct	6
5204098764	Ideogram	pictures that symbolize ideas	7
5204098765	Indo-European	a large, widespread family of languages, the surviving branches of which include Italic, Slavic, Baltic, Hellenic, Celtic, Germanic, and Indo-Iranian, spoken by about half the world's population: English, Spanish, German, Latin, Greek, Russian, Albanian, Lithuanian, Armenian, Persian, Hindi, and Hittite	8
5204098766	Isogloss	geographical boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs	9
5204098767	Isolated Language	A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.	10
5204098768	Language	a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols	11
5204098769	Language Branch	A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousands of years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language familes	12
5204098770	Language Family	group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin (e.g., Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan,...)	13
5204098771	Language Group	set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics (e.g., Germanic, Romance, Slavic, ...)	14
5204098772	Lingua Franca	a common language used by speakers of different languages	15
5204098773	Literary Tradition	Language that is written down	16
5204098774	Mono-lingual	Only one language is spoken	17
5204098775	Bi-lingual	2 languages are spoken	18
5204098776	Multi-lingual	3+ languages are spoken	19
5204098777	National Language	-language (or language variant, e.g. dialect) which has some connection—de facto or de jure—with a people and perhaps by extension the territory they occupy. -national language may for instance represent the national identity of a nation or country.	20
5204098778	Official Language	a governmentally designated language of instruction and other official public and private communication	21
5204098779	Orthography	the conventional spelling system of a language	22
5204098780	Pidgin	when parts of two or more languages are combined in simplified structure and vocabulary	23
5204098781	Polyglot	a person who speaks more than one language	24
5204098782	Slang	a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people	25
5204098783	Standard Language	a language substantially uniform with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary and representing the approved community norm of the tongue	26
5204098784	Syntax	the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language	27
5204098785	Toponym	the study of place names. (e.g., San Diego or San Francisco indicate they were established by Spain due to their Spanish and Catholic connotations)	28
5204098786	Trade Language	common languages used by merchants who did not speak a common tongue	29
5204098787	Vernacular	Everyday language of a specific nation	30
5204098788	Vocabulary	the body of words used in a particular language	31