AP Psychology Thinking & Language Flashcards

6106928395	Cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	0
6106928396	Concept	a mental grouping of similar events, objects, ideas, or people	1
6106928397	Prototype	a mental image or best example of a category; matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)	2
6106928398	Algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; contrasts with the usually speedier, but also more error-prone, use of heuristics	3
6106928399	Heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms	4
6106928400	Insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions	5
6106928401	Confirmation Bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	6
6106928402	Fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving	7
6106928403	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	8
6106928404	Functional Fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving	9
6106928405	Representativeness Heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information	10
6106928406	Availability Heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their ability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	11
6106928407	Overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct -to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements	12
6106928408	Framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements	13
6106928409	Belief Bias	the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid	14
6106928410	Belief Perserverence	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	15
6106928411	Language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	16
6106928412	Phoneme	in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	17
6106928413	Morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (like a prefix)	18
6106928414	Grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	19
6106928415	Semantics	the set of rules by which we derive the meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning	20
6106928416	Syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language	21
6106928417	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	22
6106928418	One-Word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks in mostly single words	23
6106928419	Two-Word Stage	beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	24
6106928420	Telegraphic Speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words	25
6106928421	Linguistic Determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	26