Land Empires Ottoman Safavid Mughal Ming Qing Tokugawa Russia Founder Osman 1200s Ishmael 1500s Babur 1526 Yongle 1300s Manchu 1644 T. Ieyshu 1603 Michael 1500s Capital Istanbul Isfahan Delhi Beijing Beijing Edo St Petersburg Conflicts and Controversies Janissaries Shia v Sunni Rival nomadic groups H v M Peasant rebellions Famine, pirates Patriarchy Inc Daimyo mad Shinto v NeoConf Westernization Beards Ruler title Sultan Shah Sultan Emperor Emperor Shogun Tsar Constructions Suleimanye Mosque Shah Mosque Taj Mahal Junks Great Wall Forbidden City Forbidden City Edo: alt attendance Winter Palace St Petersburg Government Bureaucracy Vizier Monarchy Milit and rel power; bureaucracy Autocracy Milit and rel power