AP Psychology Thinking and Language Flashcards

6365040916	Cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
6365040917	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.	1
6365040918	Prototype	a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides quick/easy methods for sorting things.	2
6365040919	Algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.	3
6365040920	Heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently.	4
6365040921	Insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.	5
6365040922	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.	6
6365040923	Fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mindset.	7
6365040924	Mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.	8
6365040925	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.	9
6365040926	representative heuristic	judging the likely-hood of things based on how well they represent, or match, particularly prototypes. (Truck driver and librarian)	10
6365040927	Availability heuristic	estimating the likely-hood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common.	11
6365040928	Overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements	12
6365040929	Belief perserverence	clinging to ones initial concepts after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.	13
6365040930	Intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.	14
6365040931	Framing	the way an issue is posed; can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	15
6365040932	Phonemes	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.	16
6365040933	Morphemes	in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be part of a word.	17
6365040934	Grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand each other.	18
6365040935	Semantics	the set of rules by which we derive the MEANING from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of MEANING.	19
6365040936	Syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.	20
6365040937	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.	21
6365040938	One word stage	the stage in speech development, from age 1 to 2 , during with a child speaks mostly in single words.	22
6365040939	Two word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly 2 word statements.	23
6365040940	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs.	24
6365040941	Aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area.	25
6365040942	Broca's Area	controls language expression; an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere of the brain, that directs the muscle movements involving speech. (Controls speech muscles via the motor cortex)	26
6365040943	Wernicke's Area	controls language reception; a brain area involving in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. (Interprets auditory code)	27
6365068641	Belief Bias	The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.	28
6365068642	Language	Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.	29
6365072718	Linguistic Determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.	30