AP Biology Chapter 51 Flashcards

4900798517	behavioral ecology	the study of behavior from an ecological perspective	0
4900798518	behavior	The instinctive or learned actions that an organism takes in response to internal and external stimuli.	1
4900798519	proximate question	In animal behavior, an inquiry that focuses on the environmental stimuli, if any, that trigger a particular behavioral act, as well as the genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying it.	2
4900798520	ultimate question	In animal behavior, an inquiry that focuses on the evolutionary significance of a behavioral act.	3
4900798521	ethology	the branch of zoology that studies the behavior of animals in their natural habitats	4
4900798522	fixed action pattern	A sequence of behavioral acts that is essentially unchangeable and usually carried to completion once initiated.	5
4900798523	imprinting	a learning process in early life whereby species specific patterns of behavior are established	6
4900798524	sensitive period	A limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place.	7
4900798525	kinesis	a movement that is a response to a stimulus but is not oriented with respect to the source of stimulation	8
4900798526	pheromones	odorless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of one's species	9
4900798527	habituation	a very simple type of learning that involves a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information	10
4900798528	spatial learning	Modification of behavior based on expeience of the spatial structure of the environment	11
4900798529	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment.	12
4900798530	associative conditioning	the ability of animals to associate one feature of the environment with another	13
4900798531	classical conditioning	conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex	14
4900798532	operant conditioning	conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response	15
4900798533	cognition	the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning	16
4900798534	cognitive ethology	the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals	17
4900798535	foraging	the act of searching for food and provisions	18
4900798536	optimal foraging theory	The basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise of feeding costs versus feeding benefits, anticipating that animals will attempt to maximize energy obtained as a function of time and/or eneergy spent	19
4900798537	promiscuous	a mating relationship wherein each individual mates with multiple other individuals, and forms no exclusive pair bond	20
4900798538	monogamous	a mating relationship wherein one male and one female mate only with each other	21
4900798539	polygamous	A type of relationship in which an individual of one sex mates with several of the other.	22
4900798540	polygyny	one male with many females	23
4900798541	polyandry	one female with many males	24
4900798542	agonistic behavior	A type of behavior involving a non-lethal contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates	25
4900798543	game theory	The theory that studies decision making in situations in which one player anticipates the reactions of other players to its own actions. Firms are mutually interdendent.	26
4900798544	altruism	selflessness	27
4900798545	inclusive fitness	The sum of an individuals own reporductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of related others.	28
4900798546	coefficent of relatedness	equals the probability that if two individuals share a common parent or ancestor, a particular gene present in one individual will also be present in the second individual	29
4900798547	Hamilton's rule	Natural selection favors altruism when the benefit to the recipient multiplied by the coefficent of relatedness exceeds the cost of the altruist.	30
4900798548	kin selection	A phenomenon of inclusive fitness, used to explain altruistic behavior between related individuals; i.e. an individual's alleles may benefit more from that individual sacrificing itself for its kin than by selfishly saving itself	31
4900798549	reciprocal altruism	Altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals, whereby the current altruistic individual benefits in the future when the current beneficiary reciprocates.	32
4900798550	social learning	form of learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others	33
4900798551	mate choice copying	behavior in which individuals in a population coy the mate choice of others, apparently as a result of social learning	34
4900798552	sociobiology	the branch of biology that conducts comparative studies of the social organization of animals (including human beings) with regard to its evolutionary history	35