Campbell Biology: Chapter 6 Flashcards

5412844818	Organelle	A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell	0
5412844819	Cytosol	A semifluid, jellylike substance inside all cells.	1
5412844820	Eukaryotic cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals.	2
5412844821	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.	3
5412844822	Nucleoid	A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.	4
5412844823	Capsule	A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.	5
5412844824	Cytoplasm	The interior of a cell.	6
5412844825	Plasma membrane	A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells	7
5412844826	Nucleus	A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction	8
5412844827	Nuclear envelope	A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell	9
5412844828	Nuclear lamina	A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.	10
5412844829	Chromosomes	Structures that carry the genetic information.	11
5412844830	Chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes.	12
5412844831	Nucleolus	A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes	13
5412844832	Ribosomal RNA	A nucleic acid found in all living cells. Plays a role in transferring information from dNA to the protein-forming system of the cell.	14
5412844833	Ribosomes	Complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein that carry out protein synthesis.	15
5412844834	Free ribosomes	Ribosomes suspended in the cytosol.	16
5412844835	Bound ribosomes	Ribosomes attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope.	17
5412844836	Endomembrane system	The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.	18
5412844837	Vesicle	A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.	19
5412844838	Rough endoplasmic reticulum	An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.	20
5412844839	Smooth endoplasmic reticulum	An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.	21
5412844840	Glycoproteins	A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.	22
5412844841	Transport vesicle	Tiny sac-like structures that are in transit from one part of the cell to another.	23
5412844842	Golgi apparatus	A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell	24
5412844843	Lysosome	A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules.	25
5412844844	Phagocytosis	A process which engulfs smaller organisms or food particles.	26
5412844845	Autophagy	A process in which cells recycle their own organic material through the use of hydrolytic enzymes.	27
5412844846	Vacuole	Large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.	28
5412844847	Food vacuoles	A membrane sac formed by phacogytosis; pinches off of the plasma membrane and encloses a food particle	29
5412844848	Contractile vacuoles	A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.	30
5412844849	Central vacuole	A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes.	31
5412844850	Mitochondria	The sites of cellular respiration.	32
5412844851	Chloroplasts	The sites of photosynthesis.	33
5412844852	Endosymbiont theory	The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.	34
5412844853	Cristae	Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.	35
5412844854	Mitochondrial matrix	The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.	36
5412844855	Thylakoid	A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.	37
5412844856	Granum	A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast	38
5412844857	Stroma	In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast.	39
5412844858	Plastid	A group of membrane‐bound organelles commonly found in photosynthetic organisms and mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food.	40
5412844859	Peroxisome	A specialized metabolic compartment, bounded by a single membrane , containing enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide.	41
5412844860	Cytoskeleton	A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm.	42
5412844861	Microtubule	A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.	43
5412844862	Microfilament	Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell	44
5412844863	Intermediate filaments	Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments	45
5412844864	Centrosome	A region in animal cells often located near the nucleus where microtubules grow from.	46
5412844865	Centrioles	Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only	47
5412844866	Flagella	A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility.	48
5412844867	Cilia	Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion	49
5412844868	Cell Wall	An extracellular structure of plant cells that protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water.	50
5412844869	Primary cell wall	In plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young cell.	51
5412844870	Middle lamella	A thin layer rick in sticky polysaccharides called pectins that glues adjacent cells together.	52
5412844871	Secondary cell wall	In plants, a strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support.	53
5412844872	Extracellular Matrix	The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides.	54
5412844873	Collagen	A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.	55
5412844874	Plasmodesmata	An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells	56
5412844875	Gap junctions	Structures between animal cells that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell and are necessary for communication between cells in many types of tissues.	57