Period 4: Early Modern Flashcards
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| 6619574875 | Power structure | up Monarchs down Nobles up Bureaucrats up Professional Military down Nomads | 0 | |
| 6620439510 | Caravel | Portuguese ship that utilized lateen sails | 1 | |
| 6619599484 | Spain (sea based) | Conquered Aztec (Cortes) and Inca (Pizarro), Catholic (Spanish Inquisition), Escorial built by Phillip II (Habsburg) | 2 | |
| 6619604881 | Casta system | Racially classification in Spanish america: Spanish, born in Europe: Peninsulara Spanish, born in new world: Creole Spanish, native american: Mestizo Spanish, African: mulatto African Native american | 3 | |
| 6619606317 | Encomeinda | In Spanish america, forced native Americans into serfdom, colonial leaders responsible for "Christianizing" and "civilizing" natives, high death rates lead to its decline (1500's), tribute system replaced | 4 | |
| 6620329649 | Hacienda | large estates in Spanish america, coerced natives into agricultural labor | 5 | |
| 6619606330 | Viceroy | Colonial leader representing home country | 6 | |
| 6620346216 | Spanish mit'a | Turned Incan labor tax into temporary slavery for agricultural labor through the silver mine, Potosi | 7 | |
| 6619607926 | Frontier of Inclusion | Involved indigenous peoples in colony ex: Spanish colonies | 8 | |
| 6619607927 | Frontier of Exclusion | Separated indigenous peoples from colony ex: British American, Australian, and South African colonies | 9 | |
| 6620377066 | Portugal (sea based) | Colonized Brazil, violent in Indian Ocean trade, had Indian Ocean port cities | 10 | |
| 6620385188 | Cartaz | Portuguese trade passport required for Indian Ocean trade | 11 | |
| 6620388648 | France (sea based) | Under Louis XIV, colonized Haiti and Canada, divine right (Bodin) to legitimize rule | 12 | |
| 6620396604 | England (sea based) | Established Jamestown/Massachusetts Bay, Whitehall Palace built by Elizabeth I Tudor | 13 | |
| 6620400828 | Dutch (sea based) | Established commercial empire, Dutch East India Company (aka VOC) | 14 | |
| 6620406886 | Ottoman (land based) | Mostly Sunni Muslim, conquered Byzantine, Suleymaniye Mosque built by Suleyman the Magnificant |  | 15 |
| 6620414036 | Devshirme system | Conquered Young Christian boys were trained to become either bureaucrats or Janissaries (soldiers) *ottoman | 16 | |
| 6620429096 | Millet system | religious toleration because the Ottoman empire was so diverse | 17 | |
| 6620466430 | Suleyman the Magnificant | Ottoman Sultan that made the empire a naval power and expanded throughout Eurasia | 18 | |
| 6620478723 | Safavid (land based) | Persian empire that was mostly Shia Muslim, Shah Mosque built by Shah Abbas I, Shah Ismael (founder) used Shiism to reinforce his power |  | 19 |
| 6620486838 | Mughal (land based) | Indian empire, religiously tolerant because Sunni Muslims conquered the mostly Hindu India, zamindar=elites, Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahan |  | 20 |
| 6620498617 | Akbar | Mughal leader who established the "Divine Faith" which syncretized Islam and Hinduism | 21 | |
| 6620506818 | Russian (land based) | wanted to expand, gain a warm water sea port, and dominated fur trade, Peterhof Palace built by Peter the Great | 22 | |
| 6620512912 | Ming/Qing (land based) | Manchu leaders continued the Civil service exam and Confucian values, but treated indigenous Han people as second class citizens, The Forbidden City built by Yongle *the Ming dynasty was conquered by the Manchus who established the Qing dynasty |  | 23 |
| 6620542223 | Tokugawa Shogunate (land based) | Japanese empire, peasant uprisings, Samurai revolts, Edo Castle was the administrative and military capital, daimyo=elites |  | 24 |
| 6620559810 | Mercantilism | "State sponsored capitalism", export > import, bullion economy (gold and silver were valuable), raw materials (from colony) turned into manufactured goods (in mother country) that were exported to different markets, global system |  | 25 |
| 6620589123 | Martin Luther | exposed corruption of Catholic church in 95 Theses, discouraged peasant revolt, Lutheranism popular in German states | 26 | |
| 6620597928 | John Calvin | Ideas of predestination, reformation leader Huguenots: French Puritans: English | 27 | |
| 6620616819 | Henry VIII | aka "Henry the Navigator", expanded exploration and navigation | 28 | |
| 6620625636 | Counter Reformation | Catholic church's attempt to rebuttal the Protestant Reformation, established the Jesuits (Catholic missionaries) | 29 | |
| 6620633979 | Catholic abuses | Indulgences: priests "sold" salvation Pluralism: religious leaders held multiple offices Absteenism: neglecting offices SImoy: selling of offices Nepotism: "favorites" | 30 | |
| 6620668425 | Demographic effects of Colombian exchange | people, plants/animals, and diseases to america ex: Africans, Europeans, horses, smallpox, chicken, pigs, cattle plants/animals to old world ex: maize, potatoes, manoic | 31 | |
| 6620689802 | Environmental effects of Colombian exchange | Plantations, overgrazing, soil depletion, deforestation | 32 | |
| 6620694673 | Potosi | Spanish american silver mine that utilized revised mit'a system to extract native labor |  | 33 |
| 6620705601 | Zacatecas | Mexican silver mine |  | 34 |
| 6620724580 | Spanish Galleons | ships that would sail annually to and from the Philippines and Mexico | 35 | |
| 6620727022 | Chinese monetary policy | the economy demanded silver from European merchants because the currency was changed to silver coins | 36 | |
| 6620728912 | Atlantic Slave trade | -African slaves captured by African kingdoms (Dahomey or Kongo) -traded to European merchants for guns, liquor, etc... -shipped to Americas for plantation agriculture (SUGAR, rice, indigo, tobacco) *Europeans extracted resources from colonies, manufactured them, and sold to various markets | 37 | |
| 6620730472 | Middle Passage | Atlantic route connecting the old and new worlds |  | 38 |
| 6620730473 | Engenhos | Portuguese sugar cane mill |  | 39 |
| 6620732209 | Scientific method | Model that utilized observation, deduction, reason, and logic derived from the work of Descartes and Bacon | 40 | |
| 6620732210 | Galileo | Developed telescope to observe the solar system |  | 41 |
| 6620734017 | Copernicus | Proposed that the solar system was heliocentric, as opposed to Aristotle's geocentric theory |  | 42 |
| 6620734018 | Newton | Developed theory about gravity, invented calculus |  | 43 |
| 6620734019 | Asian Isolation | Ottomans, Ming/Qing, Tokugawa Shogunate isolated to prevent cultural influence and to limit commercial and technological exchange | 44 | |
| 6620738111 | John Lock | -Father of classical liberalism -separation of church and state -religious freedom -Social contract: a government protects its citizens rights, and if it overstepps its job, it must be overthrown -natural rights to life, liberty, and property |  | 45 |
| 6620738112 | Voltaire | Advocated freedom of the press and *religious toleration, separation of church and state |  | 46 |
| 6620739429 | Montesquieu | -Applied scientific method to society and observed the "natural laws" governing social relationships -emphasized checks and balances and separation of powers (anti-absolutist) -executive, legislative, judicial |  | 47 |
| 6620739451 | Rosseau | -Opposed enlightenment and rationalism -valued virtue and morality -social contract: legitimacy of government derived from will of people -in state of nature, all men are free -some freedom must be given up to achieve civil governance and security -if governments became oppressive, they could be removed through democratic methods -began romantic movement -helped Diderot write Encyclopedie, |  | 48 |
| 6620742330 | Adam Smith | Economist who argued that free market capitalism will drive prices down through competition through "an invisible hand", and that government shouldn't intervene. |  | 49 |