AP Language Summer Words Flashcards

4731304232	Alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.	0
4731304233	Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event.	1
4731304234	Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.	2
4731304235	Anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses.	3
4731304236	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting event.	4
4731304237	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text.	5
4731304238	Antecedant	The noun to which a later pronoun refers.	6
4731304239	Antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.	7
4731304240	Antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas.	8
4731304241	Aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth.	9
4731304242	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.	10
4731304243	Archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.	11
4731304244	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence.	12
4731304245	Aristotelian/Rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience.	13
4731304246	Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. One supported by evidence becomes an argument.	14
4731304247	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.	15
4731304248	Asyndeton	The omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses.	16
4731304249	Attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone.	17
4731304250	Audience	One's listeners or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	18
4731304251	Authority	A reliable respected source.	19
4731304252	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.	20
4731304253	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.	21
4731304254	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence.	22
4731304255	Close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.	23
4731304256	Colloquial/-ism	An informal or conversational use of language.	24
4731304257	Common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions.	25
4731304258	Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.	26
4731304259	Concession	A reluctant acknowledgement or yielding.	27
4731304260	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning.	28
4731304261	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	29
4731304262	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as "and" or "but."	30
4731304263	Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument.	31
4731304264	Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement.	32
4731304265	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific.	33
4731304266	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.	34
4731304267	Diction	Word choice.	35
4731304268	Documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.	36
4731304269	Elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.	37
4731304270	Epigram	A brief, witty statement.	38
4731304271	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.	39
4731304272	Figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect.	40
4731304273	Figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.	41
4731304274	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.	42
4731304275	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing).	43
4731304276	Imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands.	44
4731304277	Induction	Reasoning from specific to general.	45
4731304278	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	46
4731304279	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.	47
4731304280	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis.	48
4731304281	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.	49
4731304282	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.	50
4731304283	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole.	51
4731304284	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.	52
4731304285	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.	53
4731304286	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.	54
4731304287	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.	55
4731304288	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.	56
4731304289	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.	57
4731304290	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.	58
4731304291	Polemic	An argument against an idea, usually philosophy, politics, or religion.	59
4731304292	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.	60
4731304293	Premise (major, minor)	Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major one and its subject from the minor one.	61
4731304294	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	62
4731304295	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	63
4731304296	Refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.	64
4731304297	Rhetoric	The art of speaking or writing effectively.	65
4731304298	Rhetoric modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; they include but are not limited to: narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	66
4731304299	Rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than summon an answer.	67
4731304300	Satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.	68
4731304301	Sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.	69
4731304302	Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.	70
4731304303	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.	71
4731304304	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.	72
4731304305	Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.	73
4731304306	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.	74
4731304307	Straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.	75
4731304308	Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.	76
4731304309	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	77
4731304310	Subordinate clause	A clause that modifies an independent clause, created by a subordinating conjunction.	78
4731304311	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.	79
4731304312	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise.	80
4731304313	Syntax	Sentence structure.	81
4731304314	Synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	82
4731304315	Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.	83
4731304316	Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work that may be explicit or implicit.	84
4731304317	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.	85
4731304318	Topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	86
4731304319	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.	87
4731304320	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.	88
4731304321	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun. In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	89
4731304322	Zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs two or more words in a sentence, often in different, sometimes incongruent ways.	90