AP Language and Composition Flashcards

7216852191	Alliteration	The repetition of the same sounds or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.	0
7216852192	Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event.	1
7216852193	Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things	2
7216852194	Anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses	3
7216852195	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting event.	4
7216852196	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text.	5
7216852197	Antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers.	6
7216852198	Antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.	7
7216852199	Antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas.	8
7216852200	Aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth.	9
7216852201	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.	10
7216852202	Archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.	11
7216852203	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence.	12
7216852204	Aristotelian triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle).	13
7216852205	Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument.	14
7216852206	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof. Asyndeton: Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses.	15
7216852207	Attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone.	16
7216852208	Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	17
7216852209	Authority	A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.	18
7216852210	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.	19
7216852211	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.	20
7216852212	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence.	21
7216852213	Close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.	22
7216852214	Colloquial/ism	An informal or conversational use of language.	23
7216852215	Common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions.	24
7216852216	Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Concession: A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.	25
7216852217	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation).	26
7216852218	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	27
7216852219	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but.	28
7216852220	Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument.	29
7216852221	Cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.	30
7216852222	Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement.	31
7216852223	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific.	32
7216852224	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.	33
7216852225	Diction	Word choice.	34
7216852226	Documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.	35
7216852227	Elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.	36
7216852228	Epigram	A brief witty statement.	37
7216852229	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos).	38
7216852230	Figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect.	39
7216852231	Figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.	40
7216852232	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.	41
7216852233	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing).	42
7216852234	Imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands.	43
7216852235	Induction	Reasoning from specific to general.	44
7216852236	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	45
7216852237	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.	46
7216852238	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis.	47
7216852239	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos)	48
7216852240	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.	49
7216852241	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole.	50
7216852242	Occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing.	51
7216852243	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.	52
7216852244	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.	53
7216852245	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.	54
7216852246	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.	55
7216852247	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos).	56
7216852248	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.	57
7216852249	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.	58
7216852250	Polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.	59
7216852251	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.	60
7216852252	Premise	major, minor Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise. Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All horses are mammals. Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism).	61
7216852253	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information. Purpose: One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	62
7216852254	Refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.	63
7216852255	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."	64
7216852256	Rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	65
7216852257	Rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.	66
7216852258	Rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle).	67
7216852259	Satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.	68
7216852260	Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.	69
7216852261	Sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.	70
7216852262	Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.	71
7216852263	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.	72
7216852264	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.	73
7216852265	Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.	74
7216852266	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.	75
7216852267	Straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.	76
7216852268	Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.	77
7216852269	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	78
7216852270	Subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.	79
7216852271	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.	80
7216852272	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor). Syntax: Sentence structure.	81
7216852273	Synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	82
7216852274	Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.	83
7216852275	Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.	84
7216852276	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.	85
7216852277	Topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	86
7216852278	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.	87
7216852279	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.	88
7216852280	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	89
7216852281	Zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence.	90