Evolution of Australian Biota Flashcards

7202826714	Pangaea	Single landmass thought to have been the origin of all continents.	0
7202826715	Gondwana	Continent that formed the southern portion of Pangaea, including South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, Australia	1
7202827184	Continental drift	The theory that the continents were once joined and then slowly drifted apart	2
7202830343	Plate tectonics	The movement of lithospheric plates.	3
7202830344	Continental margins	Boundaries between the continental and ocean crust	4
7202834610	Mid-ocean ridges	An underwater mountain range that forms where ocean plates move apart.	5
7202834611	Spreading zones	Occur when continental plates pull away from each other (forms earthquakes, volcanoes and rift valleys)	6
7202837117	Convergent movement	Continental plates colliding	7
7202837118	Divergent movement	Continental plate separating, either to form mid-ocean ridges or spreading zones	8
7202837399	Transform-fault movement	Continental plates sliding past each other	9
7202837400	Megafauna	The giant animals known from fossil evidence to have once inhabited Australia; ancestors of many present-day Australian species	10
7202837897	Extant species	A living species with a long fossil history e.g. Wollemi pine	11
7202838139	Monotremes	Mammals that lay eggs in which the embryo develops until hatching. The platypus and species of echidna are the only known monotremes currently living.	12
7202838563	Variation	The natural differences between individuals of a species as a result of inherited (genetic) or environmental factors	13
7202838564	Evolution	Change over time. In living organisms this occurs through natural selection.	14
7202839107	Natural selection	The process by which favourable variations in a population accumulate over time in a particular environment	15
7202840471	Divergent evolution	When two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time	16
7202840472	Meiosis	Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms	17
7202840473	Mitosis	The division of the cell nucleus and its contents. Occurs in somatic (body) cells only.	18
7202840830	Fertilisation	Fusing of a male sex cell with a female sex cell to form a zygote.	19
7202840831	Diploid	Two sets of chromosomes i.e. full set	20
7202840832	Haploid	An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.	21
7202841162	Gametes	Haploid sex cell - either egg or sperm	22
7202841163	Zygote	A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; the first stage of a unique new organism	23
7202842739	Homologous chromosomes	Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.	24
7202843418	Random segregation	The random lining up of the chromosomes during metaphase I; results in genetic variation	25
7202843982	Crossing over	The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis	26
7202845080	External fertilisation	When two gametes fuse together OUTSIDE the female	27
7202845081	Internal fertilisation	When two gametes fuse together inside the body of an animal	28
7202845740	Sepals	Leaflike parts that cover and protect the flower bud	29
7202845741	Petals	The outside layer of a flowering plant the works through colour to attract pollinators.	30
7202845742	Angiosperm	A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.	31
7202846222	Stamen	The male reproductive organ of a flower	32
7202846223	Anther	Pollen-producing structure located at the tip of a flower's stamen	33
7202846224	Filament	The stalk of the stamen which supports the anther	34
7202846390	Pollen	Tiny grains produced in the anthers of flowers that contain haploid male sex cells.	35
7202846391	Pollination	Transfer of pollen from one flower to another by wind and animals such as insects and birds	36
7202846392	Seed dispersal	The scattering or spreading of seeds by animals, wind, water, or by falling	37
7202846701	Germination	The process of a seed sprouting and its growth into a young plant	38
7202846702	Self-pollination	When the pollen of a plant pollinates a flower on the same plant	39
7202846703	Cross-pollination	The transfer of pollen from the stamen of one flower to the stigma of another flower	40
7202847239	Pistil	Female reproductive organs of the flower; composed of stigma, style and ovary	41
7202847240	Stigma	Receptive surface for pollen; found at the tip of the style	42
7202847241	Style	Organ in flower that bears the stigma. After pollination, pollen tubes grow down toward the ovules.	43
7202847242	Ovary	Female organ in which egg cells migrate and develop into mature eggs	44
7202848742	Asexual reproduction	The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent	45
7202848743	Sexual reproduction	Process by which sex cells from two organisms join to create a new organism	46
7202851225	Binary fission	A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells.	47
7202851440	Budding	A form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows out of the body of a parent.	48
7202851861	Vegetative propagation	The process of growing new plants from existing plant parts	49
7202852905	Regeneration	The regrowth of parts of an organism which have been cut off or lost. Used in plant propagation and by some animals.	50
7202852906	Climate change	Long-term sustained change in the average global climate	51
7202853386	Biodiversity	The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.	52