AP Language and Composition Flashcards

7163375180	Alliteration	the repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables	0
7163380561	Allusion	an indirect reference, often to another text or historical event	1
7163381408	Analogy	an extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things	2
7163383238	Anaphora	the repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses	3
7163385016	Anecdote	a short account of an interesting event	4
7163385588	Annotation	explanatory or critical notes added to a text	5
7163387426	Antecedent	the noun to which a later pronoun references	6
7163388870	Antimetabole	the repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast	7
7163389876	Antithesis	parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas	8
7163391237	Aphorism	a short, astute statement of a general truth	9
7163391850	Appositive	a word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun	10
7163394307	Archaic diction	the use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language	11
7163394654	Argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence	12
7163397071	Aristotelian triangle:	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle)	13
7163397507	Assertion	an emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument	14
7163398600	Assumption	a belief or statement taken for granted without proof	15
7163399887	Asyndeton	leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses	16
7163400296	Attitude	the speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone	17
7163401846	Audience	one's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed	18
7163403206	Authority	a reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge	19
7163404604	Bias	prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	20
7163405032	Cite	identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source	21
7163406109	Claim	an assertion, usually supported by evidence	22
7163406701	Close reading	a careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text	23
7163407690	Colloquial/ism	an informal or conversational use of language	24
7163410668	Common ground	shared beliefs, values, or positions	25
7163412119	Complex sentence	a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	26
7163413559	Concession	a reluctant acknowledgment or yielding	27
7163415429	Connotation	that which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation)	28
7163416254	Context	words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning	29
7163419971	Coordination	grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but	30
7163420970	Counterargument	a challenge to a position; an opposing argument	31
7163422729	Cumulative sentence	an independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	32
7163424732	Declarative sentence	a sentence that makes a statement	33
7163433102	Deduction	reasoning from general to specific	34
7163433640	Denotation	the literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition	35
7163434432	Diction	word choice	36
7163437199	Documentation	bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing	37
7163437681	Elegiac	mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone	38
7163438471	Epigram	a brief witty statement	39
7163439180	Ethos	a Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos)	40
7163440257	Figurative language	the use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	41
7163442192	Figure of speech	an expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning	42
7163443024	Hyperbole	exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	43
7163443640	Imagery	vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)	44
7163445145	Imperative sentence	a sentence that requests or commands	45
7163445573	Induction	reasoning from specific to general. Inversion: A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject	46
7163446964	Irony	a contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result	47
7163448078	Juxtaposition	placement of two things side by side for emphasis	48
7163448708	Logos	a Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos)	49
7163449592	Metaphor	a figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison	50
7163452370	Metonymy	use of an aspect of something to represent the whole	51
7163454750	Occasion	an aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing	52
7163455465	Oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms	53
7163457163	Paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	54
7163457534	Parallelism	the repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns	55
7163458073	Parody	a piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule	56
7163460482	Pathos	a Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos)	57
7163461376	Persona	the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing	58
7163462538	Personification	assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects	59
7163470878	Polemic	an argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion	60
7163471743	Polysyndeton	the deliberate use of a series of conjunctions	61
7163472658	Premise	major, minor- Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise. Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All horses are mammals. Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism).	62
7163476959	Propaganda	a negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information	63
7163478320	Purpose	one's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	64
7163478764	Refute	to discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument	65
7163479926	Rhetoric	the study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion"	66
7163482173	Rhetorical modes	patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation	67
7163482895	Rhetorical question	a question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer	68
7163483685	Rhetorical triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle)	69
7163487809	Satire	an ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it	70
7163488498	Scheme	a pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	71
7163489033	Sentence patterns	the arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex	72
7163490160	Sentence variety	using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect	73
7163490668	Simile	a figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things	74
7163491685	Simple sentence	a statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause	75
7163492434	Source	a book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information	76
7163493689	Speaker	a term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	77
7163494455	Straw man	a logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position	78
7163495023	Style	the distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech	79
7163497870	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing	80
7163498574	Subordinate clause	created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause	81
7163499333	Subordination	the dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence	82
7163500253	Syllogism	a form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor).	83
7163501615	Syntax	sentence structure	84
7163502230	Synthesize	combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex	85
7163502622	Thesis	the central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	86
7163503934	Thesis statement	a statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit	87
7163504194	Tone	the speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience	88
7163504698	Topic sentence	a sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis	89
7163507409	Trope	artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech	90
7163508419	Understatement	lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect	91
7163509923	Voice	in grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing	92
7163510485	Zeugma	a construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence	93