Campbell essential biology: 6th edition chapter 10 cellular respiration Flashcards

4043594359	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)	most cellular energy is stored inthe chemical bonds of this energy carrier molecule	0
4043601835	Cells break down glucose in 3 stages	1. glycolysis 2. TCA cycle 3. cellular respiration	1
4043605518	Glucose	-key energy-storage molecule -it is metabolized for energy(produces ATP) -its stored in long chains in humans	2
4043622327	Glycolysis	begins by splitting glucose (a six carbon sugar) into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon sugar)	3
4043631676	Glycolysis: energy investment	*phosphate groups and energy from 2 ATP are added to glucose to produce F1, 6BP -F1,6BP is broken down into 2 G3P molecules	4
4043641984	Glycolysis: energy harvesting	*2 G3P molecules are converted inot 2 pyruvates, resulting in 44 ATP and 2 NADH molecules -A net of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH are formed	5
4043651880	Cellular Respiration	breaks down the 2 pyruvate molecules into 6 CO2 molecules and 6 H2O -occurs in mitochondria	6
4043661745	Mitochondrion	has 2 membranes 1. the inner membrane encloses a central compartment containing the fluid matrix 2. the outer membrane forms the outer surface of the organelle, and an inter-membrane space lies between the 2 membranes	7
4043672410	Cellular respiration: 3 stages	1. pyruvate breakdown 2. transfer of electrons along the electron transport chain 3. Generation of ATP	8
4043679498	Cellular respiration: 1st stage	-pyruvate is split, forming an acetyl group and releasing CO2 -the acetyl group reacts with CoA, forming Acetyl CoA -during this reaction, NAD+ is converted to NADH	9
4043693278	Cellular respiration: TCA/Krebs/citric acid cycle	the krebs cycle begins by combining the acetyl CoA with a 4C molecule form 6C citrate, and coenzyme A is released As the krebs cycle proceeds, enzymes in the matrix break down the acetyl group, releasing 2 CO2 molecules and regenerating the 4C molecule for use in Future cycles	10
4043712980	Electron transport chain	during glycolysis and krebs cycle, electrons are stored in carrier molecules: 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 for every glucose these carriers each release 2 electrons into an electron transport chain *depleted carriers are recharged by glycolysis and krebs cycle	11
4043729349	Electron transport chain (ETC) Continued	the electrons jump from molecule to molecule in the ETC, losing small amounts of energy at each step -similar to what occurs in chloroplasts during photosynthesis H+ are pumped from the matrix accross he membrane producing a concentration gradient of H+	12
4043745054	ETC continued	-the build up of H+ in the intermembrane space is used to generate ATP -at the end of the ETC, the electrons are transferred to oxygen (or another electron acceptor) -electrons, oxygen, and hydrogen combine to form water	13
4043766704	Glycolysis	used by virtually every organism on earth(anaerobic process)	14
4043760465	Fermentation	*allows NAD+ to be recycled when oxygen is abscent -if oxygen is not available, the second stage of Glucose break down is Fermentation	15
4043778352	Fermentation cont.	does not produce and ATP in fermentation, pyruvate is converted into lactate or ethanol + CO2d	16
4043790119	Fermentation cont.	*2 types 1. lactic acid fermentation 2. alcohol fermentation	17
4043797715	Lactic acid Fermentation	produces acid from pyruvate -occurs in exhausted muscle cells microorganisms use lactic acid fermentation and convert milk into yogurt, sour cream, and cheese	18
4043809607	Alcohol Fermentation	generates ethanol and CO2 from pyruvate (yeast)	19