AP English Language: Fall Final Flashcards

3598982728	accismus	a figure of coyness, "Oh, you shouldn't have"	0
3598982729	ad hominem	character attack; attack on someones previous failures or lifestyle, ethos	1
3598982730	adianoeta	figure of hidden meaning; meant to be understood by part of the audience in one way, and part in another way	2
3598982731	a fortiori	Argument of Strength; if something less likely is true, then something more likely is bound to be true; if you have accomplished a difficult thing, you're more likely to accomplish an easier one	3
3598982732	anadiplosis	builds one thought on top of another by taking the last word of the clause and using it in the next clause	4
3598982733	anaphora	repetition of the first word in succeeding phrases or clauses; used in speeches	5
3598982734	anthropomorphism	attribution of human traits to nonhuman objects/ things	6
3598982735	antithesis	contrasting ideas	7
3598982736	aporia	doubt or ignorance; feigned or real	8
3598982737	begging the question	circular argument; used in tautology; or speech without beginning explanation	9
3598982738	Bushism	fractured syntax and code words	10
3598982739	chiasmus	criss cross figure; "ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country"	11
3598982740	circumlocution	talking around an issue; avoids the point; speaker wants to stay ambiguous	12
3598982741	concessio	agree with your opponent's point, only to use it to your advantage	13
3598982742	converse accident fallacy	using a bad example to make a generalization; using an exception to the rule	14
3598982743	What are the three types of rhetorical persuasion?	1. deliberative 2. demonstrative 3. forensic	15
3598982744	deliberative rhetoric	argument about choices; focus on future; foundation of democracy	16
3598982745	demonstrative rhetoric	deals with values; rights vs. wrong	17
3598982746	forensic (legal) rhetoric	focuses on past; determines guilt or innocence	18
3598982747	dialectic	logical debate	19
3598982748	dialogismus	dialogue figure	20
3598982749	dialysis	this-not-that figure; People take your wisdom more seriously if you put it cryptically; it's the idiot-savant approach EX: "Don't buy the shoes. Buy the colors."	21
3598982750	diazeugma	play-by-play figure; succession of verbs	22
3598982751	disinterest	freedom from special interests	23
3598982752	dubitatio	feigned doubt about your ability to speak well; personal aporia	24
3598982753	enargia	vivid description that makes an audience believe something is taking place before their very eyes	25
3598982754	enthymeme	shortened rhetorical syllogism; stakes a claim and bases it on a commonly accepted opinion; packet of logic	26
3598982755	epergesis	a correction figure, can be in form of appositive	27
3598982756	epideictic rhetoric	synonym for demonstrative logic	28
3598982757	equivocation	appears to say one thing while meaning another; to avoid saying the truth or committing oneself	29
3598982758	eristic	competitive argument for the sake of arguement	30
3598982759	ethos	argument by character	31
3598982760	eunoia	disinterest	32
3598982761	Three Appeals	- ethos - logos - pathos	33
3598982762	homerism	unabashed use of logic (Homer Simpson)	34
3598982763	hypophora	asking a rhetorical question and then immediately answering it	35
3598982764	idiom	inseparable words from a single meaning	36
3598982765	ignoratio elenchi	fallacy of proving the wrong conclusion	37
3598982766	innuendo	planting negative ideas in the audience's head; allusive critical assessment	38
3598982767	jeremiad	prophecy of doom	39
3598982768	kairos	seizing the occasion; timing and medium	40
3598982769	leptologia	subtle speech/ quibbling	41
3598982770	litotes	ironic understatement	42
3598982771	logos	argument by logic	43
3598982772	metanoia	self-editing; correct yourself with a stronger point	44
3598982773	methaphor	makes something represent something else	45
3598982774	metastasis	figure of thought that skips over an awkward matter	46
3598982775	metonymy	the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing, "the throne"= the queen	47
3598982776	neologism	newly minted word; coinage	48
3598982777	non sequitur	irrelevent; point that doesn't follow its predecessor	49
3598982778	onomatopoeia	noise word; Kaboom!	50
3598982779	paradigm	rule that arises from examples	51
3598982780	paralipsis	when you mention something by saying you're not going to mention it	52
3598982781	paradox	contrary figure; impossible pair	53
3598982782	paraprosdokian	surprise ending to a thought	54
3598982783	pathos	argument by emotion	55
3598982784	periphrasis	circumlocution; ambiguosity	56
3598982785	petitio principii	begging the question; circular argument	57
3598982786	polysyndeton	links clauses with repeated conjunction	58
3598982787	post hoc ergo propter hoc	Chanticleer fallacy; A followed B- therefore B caused A	59
3598982788	phronesis	practical wisodm	60
3598982789	prolepsis	anticiption of an opponent's/ audience's objections	61
3598982790	prosopopoeia	personification	62
3598982791	quibbling	using careful language to obfuscate	63
3598982792	red herring	fallacy of distraction	64
3598982793	reductio ad absurdum	taking an opponent's argument to its illogical conclusion	65
3598982794	rhetoric	art of persuasuion	66
3598982795	significatio	benign innuendo, implies more than it says	67
3598982796	slippery slope	fallacy of dire consequences	68
3598982797	solecism	illogic, bad grammar or syntax	69
3598982798	straw man fallacy	attacks a weaker version of the arguement	70
3598982799	syncrisis	reframing of an argument by redefining it; "not manipulation, Instruction"	71
3598982800	synecdoche	scale changing figure; makes a part of something stand for the whole	72
3598982801	tautology	used to mislead; redundancy	73
3598982802	yogiism	odd sort of sense; idiot/savant	74
3598982803	anthropomorphism	attribution of human traits to nonhuman creatures or objects; logical fallacy	75
3598982804	begging the question	- tautology (circular reasoning) - leaves out a beginning explanation - assumes conclusion of argument within its premise (indirect, hidden) - "to invite the question" (as in "This begs the question of whether...") - perverting a syllogism "Chevys are unreliable cars. I drive a Ford. That's why I cant count on a Chevy."	76
3598982805	either/or	"Either you're with us, or you're with the terrorists" (Bush) - limiting options (false dilemma)	77
3598982806	false dilemma	offers the aud two choices when more exist aka "either/or" fallacy	78
3598982807	ad hominem	- character attack (attack on ethos) "She's a liar and a fake."	79
3598982808	hasty generalizations	- racial profiling for ex.	80
3598982809	false analogy	"Hillary is like her husband, a liar, adulterer, and a blemish on the office."	81
3598982810	ad misericordiam	- An appeal to pity - tries to win support for an argument by exploiting their opponent's pity/guilt	82
3598982811	post hoc, ergo propter hoc	- false causal relationship - B follows A so A causes B Whenever I garden, the stocks drop. My gardening causes stocks to drop.	83
3598982812	non sequitor	- irrelevance - point that doesn't follow the predecessor "You know what your prob is? Whoa, did you see that car?" "Allison has never lied/cheated. Therefore, she'd make an excellent ASB prez" (ask ^: Could also be begging the Q of whether the only qualification needed to make a prez excellent is honesty?)	84
3598982813	equivocation	- appears to say one thing while meaning something else - when the writer uses a word's multiple meanings and changes the meanings in the middle of the argument without telling the audience about the shift - w/ vague or ambiguous words "I've did not have sexual relations with that woman" (changes meaning of "sexual relations" to make its def. exclusive to sexual acts with penetration; manip. def. that the prosecution offers)	85
3598982814	Straw Man	- instead of dealing with the actual issue, it attacks a weaker version of the argument - setting up the opposing side to look unreasonable by misrepresenting what they actually stand for	86
3598982815	red herring	- distraction - changing the subject to something of irrelevance	87
3598982816	ignoring the question	- similar to red herring (think of Trump) - shifts focus from orig. topic/question, supplying an unrelated argument.	88
3598982817	a fortiori	- If something less likely is true, then something more likely is bound to be true. "If a volcano is going to erupt on Sunday, then it's prob gonna rain on Sunday too" "I ran a marathon last week, I can run a 10k tomorrow"	89
3598982818	anthropomorphism	- attributes human traits to creatures/objects - common to owners of pets	90
3598982819	ignoratio elenchi	- proving the wrong conclusion (irrelevant) - fails to address the issue in question. - missing the point.	91
3598982820	reductio ad absurdum	- takes an opponent's argument and reduces it to absurdity	92
3598982821	slippery slope	- dire consequences - assumes one choice WILL lead to a cascading series of bad choices "If I fail this test then I'll fail the class, learn nothing, get rejected by prestigious colleges, and die" - Gina	93
3598982822	false comparison	two things are similar, so they must be the same	94
3598982823	fallacy of association	- aka all natural fallacy - "Natural ingredients are good for you, so anything called "natural" is healthful"	95
3598982824	appeal to popularity	"Other kids get to do it, so why don't I?"	96
3598982825	fallacy of ignorance	If it's not been proven, it must be false	97
3598982826	allegory	extended metaphor of consonant sounds at the beginning or in the middle of two or more adjacent words	98
3598982827	alliteration	the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning or in the middle of two or more adjacent words	99
3598982828	allusion	a reference in a written or spoken text to another text or to some particular body of knowledge	100
3598982829	anadiplosis	the repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause	101
3598982830	anaphora	the repetition of the group of words at the beginning successive clauses (a kind of parallel structure)	102
3598982831	anecdote	a brief narrative offered in a text to capture the audience's attention or to support a generalization or claim	103
3598982832	antimetabole	the repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order (but more specific than chiasmus)	104
3598982833	antithesis	the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas, often in parallel structure	105
3598982834	antihimeria	the substitution of one part of speech for another, "verbing"	106
3598982835	apologist	a person or character who makes a case for some controversial, even contentious, position	107
3598982836	apology	an elaborate statement justifying some controversial, even, contentions, position	108
3598982837	apostrophe	type of soliloquy where nature is addressed as though human	109
3598982838	appeal	one of three strategies for persuading audiences (logos, ethos, pathos)	110
3598982839	appositive	a noun or noun phrase that follows another noun immediately or defines or amplifies its meaning	111
3598982840	Aristotelian triangle	a diagram showing the relations of writer or speaker, audience, and text in a rhetorical situation	112
3598982841	assonance	the repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words	113
3598982842	asyndeton	the omission of conjunctions between related clauses	114
3598982843	begging the question	the situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept (like a syllogism where the conclusion is used as one of the premises)	115
3598982844	canon	one of the traditional elements of rhetorical composition-- invention, arrangement, style, memory, or delivery	116
3598982845	causal relationship	cause and effect; "if x is the cause, then y is the effect"	117
3598982846	claim	the ultimate conclusion, generalization, or point that a syllogism or enthymeme expresses. the point of an argument	118
3598982847	complex sentence	a sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses	119
3598982848	compound-complex sentence	a sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses	120
3598982849	compound sentence	a sentence with two or more independent clauses	121
3598982850	compound subject	the construction in which two or more nouns, noun phrases, or noun clauses constitute the grammatical subject of a clause	122
3598982851	conclusion (of a syllogism)	the ultimate point of generalization that a syllogism expresses	123
3598982852	confirmation	the part of a speech in which the speaker or writer would offer proof or demonstration of the central idea	124
3598982853	connotation	the implied meaning of a word	125
3598982854	data	facts, statistics, and examples that a speaker or writer offers in support of a claim, generalization, conclusion	126
3598982855	deductive reasoning	reasoning that begins with a general principle and concludes with a specific instance that demonstrates the general principle	127
3598982856	denotation	the "dictionary definition" of a word	128
3598982857	diction	word choice, which is viewed on scales of formality/informality, concreteness/abstraction, Latinate derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and denotative value/connotative value	129
3598982858	double entendre	the double (or multiple) meanings of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous	130
3598982859	ellipsis	the omission of words, the meaning of which is provided by the overall context of a passage	131
3598982860	enthymeme	syllogism with one premise instead of two	132
3598982861	epistrophe	the repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses	133
3598982862	epithet	a word or phrase adding a characteristic to a person's name	134
3598982863	ethos	the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator	135
3598982864	euphemism	an indirect expression of unpleasant information in such a way as to lessen its impact	136
3598982865	exordium	the introduction of a speech	137
3598982866	figures of rhetoric	schemes-- that is, variations from typical word or sentence formation-- and tropes, which are variations from typical patterns of thought	138
3598982867	hyperbole	an exaggeration for effect	139
3598982868	imagery	language that evokes particular sensations or emotionally rich experiences in a reader	140
3598982869	implied metaphor	a metaphor embedded in a sentence rather than expressed directly as a sentence	141
3598982870	inductive reasoning	reasoning that begins by citing a number of specific instances or examples and then shows how collectively they constitute a general principle	142
3598982871	irony	writing or speaking that implies the contrary of what is actually written or spoken	143
3598982872	jargon	the specialized vocabulary of a particular group	144
3598982873	litotes	form of understatement in which a thing is affirmed by stating the negative of its opposite	145
3598982874	logos	the appeal of a text based on the logical structure of its argument or central ideas	146
3598982875	loose sentence	a sentence that adds modifying elements after the subject, verb, and complement	147
3598982876	metaphor	an implied comparison that does not use the word "like" or "as"	148
3598982877	metonymy	the substitution of the name of an object closely associated with a word for the word itself ie "the crown"=the monarch	149
3598982878	onomatopoeia	a literary device in which the sound of a word is related to its meaning	150
3598982879	oxymoron	juxtaposed words with seemingly contradictory meanings	151
3598982880	paradox	a statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless	152
3598982881	parallelism	a set of similarly structured words, phrases, or clauses that appears in a sentence or paragraph	153
3598982882	parenthesis	an insertion of material that interrupts the typical flow of a sentence	154
3598982883	pathos	the appeal of a text to the emotions or interests of the audience	155
3598982884	periodic sentence	a sentence with modifying elements included before the verb and/or complement; A periodic sentence has the main clause or predicate at the end.	156
3598982885	periphrasis	the substitution of an attributive word or phrase for a proper name, or the use of a proper name to suggest a personality characteristic (different from epithet; almost like a metaphor)	157
3598982886	peroration	the part of the speech in which the speaker would draw together the entire argument and include material designed to compel the audience to think or act in a way consonant with	158
3598982887	persona	the character that a writer or speaker conveys to the audience	159
3598982888	persuasion	the changing of people's minds or actions by language	160
3598982889	petitio principi	begging the question	161
3598982890	point of view	the perspective or source of a piece of a writing	162
3598982891	major premise	the first premise in a syllogism	163
3598982892	minor premise	the second premise in a syllogism	164
3598982893	pun	a play on words	165
3598982894	recursive	referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process of writing	166
3598982895	refutation	the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them	167
3598982896	rhetor	the speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text	168
3598982897	rhetoric	the art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective	169
3598982898	rhetorical choices	the particular choices a writer or speaker makes to achieve meaning, purpose, or effect	170
3598982899	rhetorical intention	involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing	171
3598982900	rhetorical question	a question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it	172
3598982901	rhetorical situation	the convergence in a situation of exigency	173
3598982902	rhetorical triangle	a diagram showing the relations of writer or speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation	174
3598982903	simile	a type of comparison that uses the word "like" or "as"	175
3598982904	six-part oration	a speech consisting of exordium, narration, partition, confirmation, refutation, and peroration	176
3598982905	soliloquy	dialogue in which a character speaks aloud to himself or herself	177
3598982906	style	the choices that writers or speakers make in language for effect	178
3598982907	subordinate clause	a group of words that includes a subject and verb but that cannot stand on its own as a sentence; also calls dependent clause	179
3598982908	syllogism	logical reasoning from inarguable premises	180
3598982909	synecdoche	a part of something used to refer to the whole (like a metaphor)	181
3598982910	tautology	a group of words that merely repeats the meaning already conveyed	182
3598982911	tone	the writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject matter	183
3598982912	trope	an artful variation from expected modes of expression of thoughts and ideas; use of the word in the sense other than the literal	184
3598982913	verisimilitude	the quality of a text that reflects the truth of actual experience	185
3598982914	voice	the textual features, such as diction and sentence structure, that convey a writer's or speaker's persona	186
3598982915	zeugma	a trope in which one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning	187
3598982916	personification	the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form	188
3598982917	understatement	the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is	189
3598982918	bathos	an effect of anticlimax created by an unintentional lapse in mood from the sublime to the trivial or ridiculous	190
3598982919	cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by a series of subordinate constructions (phrases or clauses) that gather details about a person, place, event, or idea.	191
3598982920	balanced setence	a sentence that is made up of two parts that are roughly equal in length, importance, and grammatical structure	192
3598982921	inversion	the reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase. There are two types of inversion: Subject-verb inversion, where the subject and the main verb switch positions and the word order becomes verb + subject	193
3598982922	anathema	something or someone that one vehemently dislikes	194
3598982923	aphorism/ epigram	a terse saying, expressing a general truth, principle, or astute observation, and spoken or written in a laconic and memorable form (like an epigram but more profound)/a pithy saying or remark expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way that is often antithetical (humorous); aphorism= more serious	195
3598982924	narration	writing that tells a story by recounting events.	196
3598982925	exposition	writing that explains, informs, or analyzes the information	197
3598982926	description	is writing that tries to describe the idea in order to help the reader visualize it	198
3598982927	satire	the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues	199
3598982928	parody	an imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect	200
3598982929	mock heroic	imitating the style of heroic literature in order to satirize an unheroic subject	201
3598982930	fable	a short story, typically with animals as characters, conveying a moral	202
3598982931	myth	a traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events	203
3598982932	parable	a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	204
3598982933	simple sentence	a sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate	205