Introduction to natural immunity ( Immunology Flashcards

4442152189	Antigen	An ______ is a foreign substance that causes an immune response in host.	0
4442152190	Cross Immunity	Edward Jenner's work with smallpox and cowpox is an example of ______ ______	1
4442152191	Rabies, Vaccination, and Attenuation	Louis Pasteur's worked with _______, _____, and ________.	2
4442152192	Macrophages	__________ are a cellular component of innate immunity.	3
4442152193	Acquired immunity	_______ _______ is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent, and the ability to remember a prior exposure and results in an increased immune response.	4
4442152194	External system	_______ ______: Attempts to prevent entry of pathogens.	5
4442152195	Internal system	_______ _______: Deals with pathogens that gain entry.	6
4442152196	Unbroken, Lactic Acid, mucous and cilia, urine, stomach, Lysozyme, Normal Flora	External Defenses include: ________ skin, _______ ______ in sweat, Respiratory tract's _________ secretions and _______, Flushing action of _______, plus it is slightly acidic, Acidity of the ________, ______ found in many secretions such as tears and saliva and is directly in oxidative killing of target cells, and _____ _____.	7
4442152197	Shorter lag phase	Give an example of secondary response.	8
4442152198	Natural Immunity	_______ _____ depends on normally present body functions.	9
4442152199	Active	_______ means the body forms antibodies	10
4442152200	Passive	______ means antibody is formed by someone else.	11
4442152201	Natural active immunity	_______ _____ ______ from an infection produced by the host examples- measles, mumps, or chicken pox.	12
4442152202	Artificial active	_____ _____ immunity from vaccination. Ex. Diphtheria toxin.	13
4442152203	Natural passive immunity	_______ _______ ______ transfer in vivo(mother to infant) not produced by infant. Ex: breast milk	14
4442152204	Artificial passive	______ _____ infusion of serum or plasma with antibodies not produced by host (example tetanus antitoxin given after stepping on a rusty nail).	15
4442152205	Age, nutrition, vitamins, minerals, stress and hormones	Factors affecting the immune response are what 6 things?	16
4442152206	Cellular defense mechanisms	Internal defense utilizes ______ ______ _____. Examples-Neutrophils.	17
4442152207	Chronic inflammation	Tissue damage and loss of function may result from _______ _______.	18
4442152208	C-Reactivate Protein	___ ______ _____ is the best indicator of acute inflammation.	19
4442152209	Opsonin	The major function of C-Reactivate Protein (CRP) is it acts as an ______.	20
4442152210	Heart attack, Rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory	Measurement of CRP levels could be used for: Assess the risk of a _____ ____. Flare up of ______ _____. Detect an _________ response.	21
4442152211	Inflammation	CRP is a protein that only changes in concentration significantly in response to _______ and is not delectable when there is no ______.	22
4442152212	Neutrophils	Actions of myeloid cells include ______.	23
4442152213	Toll-like receptors	An additional mechanism recently discovered on certain cells is _____-_____ ________.	24
4442152214	Toll	_______ is a protein that plays an important role in antifungal immunity in the adult.	25
4442152215	Neutrophils	_______ are very effective at phagocytosis because of the chemicals and enzymes they contain.	26
4442152216	Eosinophils	_________ are involved in the immune response against multicellular parasites.	27
4442152217	Monocytes, macrophages	_______ are effective at after about 70 hours they migrate to the tissues and become _______.	28
4442152218	Diapedsis	_______ is neutrophils squeezing through endothelial cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues.	29
4442152219	Opsonization	_________ enhances phagocytosis	30
4442152220	Opsonins	______ are serum proteins that attach to a foreign substance and help prepare it for phagocytosis.	31
4442152221	C-Reactivate Protein, Complement components, and antibodies	Examples of opsonins include what 3 things?	32
4442152222	Cellular defense mechanisms	Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Mast cells, and Dendritic cells are _____ _____ _____.	33
4442152223	Antibody production and cell to cell immunity (combat)	Lymphocytes are not considered part of natural immunity because the function in what two things?	34
4442152224	Lymph nodes	Immune response to foreign antigen in the tissue mainly occur in the _____ _____.	35
4442152225	Neutrophils	_______ are the primary cell involved in the acute inflammatory response.	36
4442152226	Chemotaxis	________ is the process where phagocytic cells are attracted toward a substance.	37
4442152227	Stem cells, bone marrow	All lymphocytes are created from ____ ____ in the ____ ____ and change into different groups in the primary lymphoid organs.	38
4442152228	Bone marrow and thymus	The primary lymphoid organs in humans are what two organs?	39
4442152229	Lymphopoiesis	_________ or reproduction of lymphocytes occurs in the secondary tissue but this is strictly dependant on antigenic stimulation.	40
4442152230	Spleen	_______ is the primary site of antigen trapping and presentation to immune cells.	41
4442152231	Lymph nodes	_______ ______ are located along lymphatic ducts and serve as central collecting points for lymph fluid from surrounding tissues.	42
4442152232	Drainage, T, B, 1, 25	Characteristics of a lymph node: filters ________ from tissues, colonized with __ and ___cells. Between __ and ___ mm in size.	43
4442152233	Dendritic cells	_______ _____ exhibit a large number of receptors for antibody and complement and help to capture antigen to present to T and B cells.	44
4442152234	Memory cells, humor, antibody	B cells differentiate into _____ _____ and plasma cells are responsible for _____ immunity or ______ formation.	45
4442152235	Mature naive B cell	What cells have complete IgM molecules?	46
4442152236	IgD	In addition to IgM, all mature B cells exhibit ____, another class of antibody molecule, on their surface.	47
4442152237	Memory, antibody-secreting	If a B cells is stimulated by antigen it eventually forms ______ cells and ______-______ plasma cells.	48
4442152238	Memory lymphocyte	A ______ ______ can recall previous contact with a particular antigen so that subsequent exposure leads to a more rapid and more effective immune response than the first encounter.	49
4448282436	Drainage, T, B, 1, 25	Characteristics of a lymph node: filters ________ from tissues, colonized with __ and ___cells. Between __ and ___ mm in size.	50
4448282623	Dendritic cells	_______ _____ exhibit a large number of receptors for antibody and complement and help to capture antigen to present to T and B cells.	51
4448282624	Memory cells, humor, antibody	B cells differentiate into _____ _____ and plasma cells are responsible for _____ immunity or ______ formation.	52
4448282625	Mature naive B cell	What cells have complete IgM molecules?	53
4448282626	IgD	In addition to IgM, all mature B cells exhibit ____, another class of antibody molecule, on their surface.	54
4448282629	CD4+	_______ cells, termed T-helper cells. They recognize antigen and MAC class OIT exogenous peptide (protein).	55
4448282630	CD8+	______ cells are termed T-cytotoxic cells.	56
4448282631	CD4, CD8	An immature T cell expresses both ___ and ____.	57
4448282632	Nk	____ cells are triggered by lack of MHC antigens, sometimes referred to as recognition of "missing self".	58
4448282633	Apoptosis	What does kill target cells mean?	59
4448282634	Adjuvant	_________ is a substance used to enhance antibody formation.	60
4448282635	Antigen	______ refers to a substance that reacts with antibody or sensitized T cells	61
4448282636	Antibody	An _____ attacks the antigen.	62
4448282637	Influences of an immune response.	Age, Overall health and proper nutrition, Dose of antigen, Route of inoculation, and Genetic predisposition are all considered?	63
4448282638	Epitopes	_____ are also called antigenic determinant. Key portion of the immunogen that can enter into Ab-Ag reactions.	64
4448282639	Haptens	______are nonimmunogenic materials too small to illicit an immune response unless combined with a carrier to create new antigenic determinants.	65
4448282788	Alloantigens	_______are from other members of the host species.	66
4448282789	Heterophile	_______ antigens exists in unrelated plants of animals that are either identical or closely related in structure and the antibody in humans will cross-react with the antigens. Antigens not belonging to the host species but from a different species that react in humans.	67
4448282790	Codominant	Genes that are expressed whether they are in the heterozygous or homozygous state is called?	68
4448282791	CD4 (helper) T cell	Class II molecules present antigen to ____ __ ___.	69
4448282792	Antibody formation	If binding occurs with a T cell receptor on a CD4-positive T cell, thr T helper cell recruits and triggers B cell response, resulting in _____ _____.	70
4448282793	Antibodies	In other words, the T cells tell B cells to make _____.	71
4498418493	Cytotoxic T cells	What cells are the primary immune response against viruses?	72