Nationalism AP World History Flashcards
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| 4339360789 | Congress of Vienna | - The French empire and Napoleon are now gone - The continental map of Europe must be literally redrawn - Klemens Von Metternich is a key diplomat - Maurice de Talleyrand is a key diplomat - Greatly influenced by the writing of Edmund Burke - Preference for tradition, order, stability - Restoration of former ruling family dynasty become top priority (France, Spain, Portugal) - France stripped of military conquest and awards compensation - Britain and Russia granted numerous colonies - Confederation of the Rhine (holy Roman Empire) becomes the German Confederation of States - Quadruple alliance to remain intact (Austria, Russia, Britain, and Prussia): Goal is to protect Europe from revolutions in future | 0 | |
| 4339414509 | Opposing political ideologies | - In decades after the Congress of Vienna, much of Europe struggles with differing philosophies - Napoleon's quests spark nationalist movements, calls for democratic reform and self determination - Movements towards common homelands for people with common heritage (Greece, Italy, Germany) - This contradicts the philosophies of the congress of Vienna | 1 | |
| 4339422588 | Conservatism | - the favoring of traditional values and views, opposition to change - Restoration of absolute monarchs, belief in divine right - Rigid systems of social classifications - Foreign policy based on military strength - Suppression of civil liberties | 2 | |
| 4339438863 | Liberalism | - Open to new ideas or progress, support of change - Written constitutions - Belief in natural rights - Separations of Power, checks & balances - Support of civil liberties - Foreign policy based on diplomacy | 3 | |
| 4339475862 | Liberalism vs Conservatism in France | - No better example of the conflict of Liberalism vs Conservatism than in France - Bourbon family dynasty is restored - July Revolution of 1824 takes place - Louis Philippe ascends to power after the July Revolution, but his rule is a failure and he abdicates - Second Republic proclaimed and calls for free elections - Louis Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) serves as 1st president and last monarchy in all of French history | 4 | |
| 4339482675 | July Revolution of 1824 | - Revolution in France - Based on liberal reform effort | 5 | |
| 4339511044 | Louis Napoleon | - Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte - Elected and serves as 1st president of French Republic - By 1852, he has consolidated power to a point where he proclaims himself "emperor" - Takes title of Napoleon lll - Last monarchy in all of French history | 6 | |
| 4339492858 | Louis Philippe | - France - Louis Philippe ascends to power after the July Revolution - But his rule is a failure and he abdicates | 7 | |
| 4340510233 | European Nationalist movements | - There were various nationalist movements with mixed results in 1820s: • Success-Greece (Ottoman Empire) • Success-Belgium (Netherlands) • Failure-Poland (suppressed by Russia) • Failure-Austria (suppressed by Hapsburg) • Close to success for Germany | 8 | |
| 4340550564 | Latin American Nationalist movements | - Nationalist movements spread across the Atlantic to Americas during the same time period: • Success-Haiti (France) [Toussant L'Ouverture] • Success-Mexico (Spain) [Catholic Clergy] • Success-Venezuela (Spain) [Simon Bolivar] • Success-Ecuador (Spain) [Simon Bolivar] • Success-Peru (Spain) [Simon Bolivar] • Success-Bolivia (Spain) [Simon Bolivar] • Success-Argentina (Spain) [Jose de Martin] • Success-Brazil (Portugal) | 9 | |
| 4340572331 | Toussant L'Ouverture | - Haitian Independence leader - Liberated Haiti from French rule - French military issues led to their independence | 10 | |
| 4340604936 | Augustin de Iturbide | - 1st Mexican emperor after Independence from Spain | 11 | |
| 4340632033 | Dom Pedro | - 1st Brazilian emperor after Independence from Portugal | 12 | |
| 4340628280 | Jose de Martin | - Argentinian Independence leader - Liberated Argentina from Spanish rule | 13 | |
| 4340791650 | Kaiser William l | - Ruler of Prussia and Kaiser of Germany - Made Otto Von Bismarck his Chancellor in 1862 | 14 | |
| 4340554049 | Otto Von Bismarck | - Also known as Iron Chancellor - Prussian man made Chancellor by William l in 1862 - Wanted German unification through conservatism - Master of both "blood and iron" and "realpolitik" - Moved to build up the army, and with it, was ready to pursue aggressive foreign policy - Captured regions of Schleswig and Holstein to the North, seized form Denmark (1864) - Captured all of Austria in 7 weeks (1866) - Fired by Kaiser William ll, who is the grandson of William l (1888) | 15 | |
| 4340650812 | "Blood and Iron" | eliance on and use of force; especially : the use of military power rather than normal diplomatic means | 16 | |
| 4340668468 | "realpolitik" | realistic policies based on evaluation of the needs of a state | 17 | |
| 4340683833 | Franco-Prussian War | - 1870 - Crushes France in a matter of weeks - Adds region of Alsace and Lorraine - Germany united as a result of war - William l made Kaiser of the 2nd Reich, proclaimed at Versailles - (1st Reich is when Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope) - Newly united Germany is soon the premier power in Europe | 18 | |
| 4340716432 | The Economic progress of Germany | - Germany has ample iron and coal - Rapidly growing population - House of Krupp becomes the single largest steel producer in the world - Surpasses Britain's industrial power - Used applied science in developing new products - Single German currency - Reorganized banking - Expansion of railroads - Raised tariffs - Otto Von Bismarck sought to erase old loyalties and crush all oppositions to the new state | 19 | |
| 4340743339 | Iron Chancellor's attacks and results | - Attacks the Catholic Church: • Makes Catholics put loyalty to state 1st • Laws to supervise Catholic education • Laws to approve appointments of priests • Expelled Jesuits • All of this backfires and he recants - Attacks German Marxists who called for true democratic reforms and laws to improve conditions for workers: • Dissolved socialist groups • Closes down newspaper • Banned meetings • This fails, workers unite under socialist banners • Bismarck changes course | 20 | |
| 4340725020 | House of Krupp | German steel producing company | 21 | |
| 4340717471 | Socialism | - German Marxists called for true democratic reforms and laws to improve conditions for workers - Bismarck then: • Dissolved socialist groups • Closed down newspaper • Banned meetings - This fails, workers unite under socialist banners - Bismarck changes course; becomes pioneer in social reform to woo German workers - 1890s: better pay, health and accident insurance, pensions - Bismarck is fired by Kaiser William ll, who is the grandson of William l (1888) - William ll continues to strengthen the military | 22 | |
| 4340786055 | Kaiser William ll | - German Kaiser - Grandson of William l -strengthens military - fires Bismarck | 23 | |
| 4340719141 | Italian Unification | - Austria controlled much of northern Italy and France had much of southern Italy - A series of revolts between 1820 and 1848 In Northern Italy - Austria crushes every single one - Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy - Sardinia= ally of Young Italy (king Victor Emmanuel ll) - He makes Count Camillo Cavour the prime minister - Cavour improved economy by focusing on agriculture, railroads, and commerce - Secret treaty with Napoleon lll to aid Sardinia if war with Austria takes place (1858) - Sardinia, aided by France, defeated Austria and then annexes Lombardy (1859) - Giuseppe Garibaldi conquers Sicily with 1,000 red shirts (private soldiers) - Garibaldi and Cavour meet up in Naples and then turn Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel ll - Because of the Franco-Prussian War (1870), France troops withdraw from Rome - Italian troops enter Rome and proclaim it to be the capital of Italy | 24 | |
| 4340855749 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | - Conquers Sicily with 1,000 red shirts (private soldiers) | 25 | |
| 4340841860 | Count Camillo Cavour | - Prime Minister of Sardinia - Cavour improved economy by focusing on agriculture, railroads, and commerce. | 26 | |
| 4340840203 | King Victor Emmanuel ll | - King of Sardinia - Ally of Young Italy - He makes Count Camillo Cavour the prime minister - After the defeat of Austria, is given Sicily and Naples - Made King of Italy | 27 | |
| 4340826042 | Giuseppe Mazzini | - Founder of Young Italy - Said, "...ideas grow quickly when watered by the blood of martyrs..." | 28 | |
| 4363387221 | Divisions of Italy | - Northern Italy is wealthy - Southern Italy is impoverished - Social anarchists and terrorists engage in terror/violence | 29 | |
| 4363410294 | Problems with Catholic Church in Italy | - Rome is basically taken from the Pope after it is made capital of Italy - Vatican city is created for papacy - Tension cools down, but still remains | 30 | |
| 4363423205 | Austria and the Hapsburg | - Less than 25% of the 50 million citizens are actually Austrian - People coming from Czechoslovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, Italy - Francis Joseph becomes emperor, attempts to initiate reform | 31 | |
| 4363474126 | Francis Joseph | - Austrian emperor - When he becomes emperor, he tries to initiate reform - Is emperor when the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary is created | 32 | |
| 4363488628 | The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary | - Shared ministries between Austria and Hungary - Shared ministries of • finances • defense • foreign affairs - They are still independent of each other | 33 | |
| 4383554519 | Ottoman Empire | - Serbian independence in 1817 and Greek independence by the early 1830s - Many other ethnic minorities want their independence as well - Balkan "Powder Keg" | 34 | |
| 4383554520 | Russia pt.1 | - Russia remained economically undeveloped, despite effort from Peter and Catherine the great to modernize Russia - Czars feel that any attempt of modernization would weaken absolute rule - Russia continued to fall further behind Western Europe - The majority of Russians were still serfs - Alexander I attempted to modernize Russia in 1801 - Decembrist Revolt occurs - Nicholas I eliminates all dissent and to assert his power and law and order - Nicholas 1 embraces all 3 pillars and rules for next 30 years of absolutism | 35 | |
| 4383601774 | Russia pt.2 | - Alexander II takes part in Crimean war in 1855 ~Crimean War against powers of Western Europe, more revealed the backwardness of the country ~No railroads, insufficient supplies & weapons, ineffective military - Alexander II freed the serfs, modernized legal and administrative systems, encouraged professional and scientific education, as well as many other things - Zemstvos are given more power by Alexander II - Railroad construction and industrialization become top priority - Difficult process as Russians must rely heavily on foreign experts - Alexander II is assassinated in 1881 - Czar Alexander III turns repressive, secret police, censorship, persecution of Jewish communities | 36 | |
| 4383554521 | Alexander I | - Russian Czar - Attempted to modernize Russia in 1801, but Napoleon invades - Then after victory, he died in 1825 | 37 | |
| 4383554522 | Decembrist Revolt | - An army of officers that want to initiate reform | 38 | |
| 4383644268 | Alexander II | - Russian Czar - What he did: Freed the serfs • modernized legal • administrative systems • encouraged scientific education • Reformed military • demanding longer terms of service • stricter discipline in military • Gave more power to 'zemstvos' • Railroad construction • industrialization - Difficult process of industrialization as Russians must rely heavily on foreign experts - Is assassinated in 1881 | 39 | |
| 4383554523 | Nicholas I | - Eliminates all dissent and to assert his power and law and order -19th century Russia political ideology of Absolutism ~Russian Orthodox Church (Orthodoxy) ~Romanov family dynasty (autocracy) ~Russian national pride (nationalism - Embraces all 3 pillars and rules for next 30 years | 40 | |
| 4387861512 | Alexander III | - Russian Czar - What he does: • Turns repressive • secret police • censorship • persecution of Jewish communities | 41 | |
| 4387864768 | Zemstvos | - Local ruling legislative - Given more power by Alexander II | 42 | |
| 4387908163 | Crimean War | - War against against powers of Western Europe - Showed the backwardness of Russia - Greatest legacy of Crimean War is the Russian victory: • Battle of Balaclava • Charge of the Light Brigade • Poem written by Tenneyson | 43 | |
| 4387925847 | Russo-Japanese War | - By early 20th century, both Russia & Japan look to spread their influence across Asia - Brings them into direct conflict with one another - Czar Nicholas II calls for Russians to defend "...the faith, the Czar, & the fatherland..." In 1904 - War is ultimately is a humiliating defeat for Russia | 44 |