APWH Modern 8000 to 600 BCE Flashcards

6951287038	Agriculture	The practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis.	0
6951287039	Artisan	A skilled craftsperson.	1
6951287040	Domestication	The taming of animals and plants for human use, such as for labor or food.	2
6951287041	Eurasia	The large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia.	3
6951287042	Animism	The belief that animals, Rivers, and other elements of nature embody spirits.	4
6951287043	Hunter-foragers	People who survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, nuts, fruits, and edible roots.	5
6951287044	Irrigation	A way of supplying water to an area of land, the people would use water from the rivers to irrigate their crops.	6
6951287045	Metallurgy	The science of the study of metals.	7
6951287046	Migration	A movement from one country or region to another.	8
6951287047	Monotheism	The belief in one God.	9
6951287048	Paleolithic Period	Old Stone Age, where humanos used stone tools and weapons.	10
6951287049	Specialization of labor	The division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work.	11
6951287050	Surplus	Having more resources than needed for themselves.	12
6951287051	Textile	Items made of cloth, would be weaved by women and then decorated, usually all at home.	13
6951287052	Urbanization	An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.	14
6951287053	Overgrazing	The continual eating of grasses or their roots, without allowing them to regrow.	15
6951287054	Overfarming	Land loosing its fertility unless it is left fallow or it was fertilized usually by spreading of animal manure.	16
6951287055	Artifacts	Objects made and used by early humans, usually dug up by archaeologists.	17
6951287057	Neolithic Revolution	The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle.	18
6951287058	Bronze Age	The period in ancient human culture when people began to make and use bronze.	19
6951287059	Civilization	The stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.	20
6951287060	Jericho	One of the oldest first human cities that was built on the West Bank of the Jordan river.	21
6951287061	Catal Huyuk	Ancient city in present dat Turkey that was founded in 7500 B.C.E. along a river that has since dried up.	22
6951287062	Nomadic Pastoralism	People moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture.	23
6951287063	Kinship Group	Several related families that moved together in search of food.	24
6951287064	Clan	Group of families with a common ancestor.	25
6951287065	Tribe	A group of people who share a common ancestry, language, name, and way of living.	26
6951287066	Patriarchal	Relating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority.	27
6951287067	Merchants	People who buy and sell goods also known as traders.	28
6951287068	Social Stratification	The division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy. Some people accumulated wealth in the form of jewelry and others coveted items by building larger and better decorated houses.	29
6951287069	Priests and Priestesses	People who performed religious ceremonies.	30
6951287070	Tigris and Euphrates Rivers	Flow south from modern day Turkey through what is now Iraq to empty into the Persian Gulf.	31
6951287071	Mesopotamia	Land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where many ancient civilizations arose from.	32
6951287072	Fertile Crescent	An arc of fertile land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf .	33
6951287073	Sumerians	Group of nomadic pastoralists that migrated into Mesopotamia and created a civilization of Sumer that provided the core and the foundation of several other civilizations.	34
6951287074	Ziggurats	Temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped.	35
6951287075	Desertification	The spread of desert like conditions.	36
6951287076	Indus River Valley	Developed near water and became the core and foundation of later civilizations in the region.	37
6951287077	Environmental Degradation	Caused the gradual decline and eventual disappearance of the Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations by soil eroding.	38
6951287078	Deforestation	The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.	39
6951287079	Loess	A wind-formed deposit made of fine particles of clay and silt.	40
6951287080	Mesoamerica	An area of ancient civilization in what is now Central America.	41
6951287081	Glyphs	The first writing system in the Americas that used pictures and symbols of real ojects.	42
6951287082	Barter	Trading system in which people exchange goods directly without using money.	43
6951287083	Polytheistic	Belief in many gods.	44
6951287084	Ziggurats	Temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped.	45
6951287085	Astronomy	The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space.	46
6951287086	Astrology	Theory of the influence of planets and stars on human events.	47
6951287087	Abraham	Founder of Judaism.	48
6951287088	Moses	Led the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt; received the 10 commandments.	49
6951287089	Ten Commandments	Laws given by God to Moses that tell Jews how to behave in their daily lives.	50
6951287090	Jewish Diaspora	The scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 B.C.E.	51
6951287091	The Huang He and The Chiang Jiang	Where Chinas first civilizations developed.	52
6951287092	Mummification	Involved removing the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts, and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth.	53
6951287093	Hieroglyphics	Egyptian writing that involved using pictures to represent words.	54
6951287094	Papyrus	A type of plant that grew along the Nile River, used its fibers to create a type of paper.	55
6951287095	Vedas	A collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs.	56
6951287096	Vedic Age	Aryans growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs.	57
6951287097	Brahma	Overarching, universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth.	58
6951287098	Dharma	In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties.	59
6951287099	Karma	The effects that good or bad actions have on a person's soul.	60
6951287100	Moksha	The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.	61
6951287101	Ancestor Veneration	The believe of making offerings to their ancestors in hope to win their favor.	62
6951287102	Golden Age	A period in which a society or culture is at its peak.	63
6951287103	Mandate of Heaven	A just rulers power was bestowed by the gods.	64
6951287104	Upanishads	A foundational text for the set of religious beliefs that later became known as Hinduism.	65
6951287105	Pictographs	A graphic symbol that represents an idea, concept, or object, rather than representing a single sound, as letter systems do.	66
6951287106	Shamans	People who believed to have special abilities to cure the sick and influence the future.	67
6951287107	Core and Foundational civilizations	Civilizations that developed ways of life, such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices, that would heavily influence successor civilizations in their regions.	68
6951287108	City-State	Typically covered several hundred square miles and were independent each with its own government.	69
6951287109	Kings	Sumerian military leaders became more important than priests and ruled over a territory known as a kingdom.	70
6951287110	Cuneiform	Sumerians created it to keep records which consisted of marks carved onto wet clay tablets.	71
6951287111	Scribes	Individuals who were charged first with record-keeping and later with the writing of history and myths.	72
6951287112	The Epic of Gilgamesh	An epic poem from Mesopotamia, is among the earliest surviving works of literature.	73
6951287113	Empire	Large territory that included diverse cultural groups.	74
6951287114	Babylonians	Persians who took control of Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon.	75
6951287115	Hammurabi	Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC), and created a set of laws called the Code of Hammurabi.	76
6951287116	Code of Hammurabi	Law code introduced when Hammurabi of Babylon took over Sumer in 1760 BC, that dealt with topics such as property rights, wages, contracts, marriage, and various crimes.	77
6951287117	Phoenicians	Most powerful traders along the Mediterranean, that occupied parts of present day Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan around 3000 B.C.E.	78
6951287118	Carthage	A Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa, that became a significant outpost in the region.	79
6951287119	Alphabetic script	A system of symbols (letters) that represent the sounds of speech, as an alternative to cuneiform around 1000 B.C.E.	80
6951287120	Sahara and Kalahari Deserts	Two desert zones one in Northern Africa and the other in Southern Africa.	81
6951287121	Nile River	The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.	82
6951287122	King Menes	United Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom and created the first royal dynasty.	83
6951287123	Old Kingdom	A period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC.	84
6951287124	Middle Kingdom	A period of order and stability that lasted until about 1750 BC.	85
6951287125	New Kingdom	The period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory.	86
6951287126	Pharaoh	A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.	87
6951287127	Theocrats	Rulers holding both religious and political power.	88
6951287128	Hyksos	A group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.	89
6951287129	Akhenaton	The pharaoh that tried to change Egypts religion and called for the worship of a sun god called Aten.	90
6951287130	Ramses the Great	Took the throne around 1290 B.C.E. who expanded the empire into Southwest Asia and built more temples and erected more statues than any other pharaoh.	91
6951287131	Hittites	Had military advantage over the Egyptians because they were beginning to use iron tools and weapons.	92
6951287132	Book of the Dead	Scrolls that served as a guide for the afterlife in ancient Egypt.	93
6951287133	Dravidians	Indigenous peoples of the Indian subcontinent.	94
6951287134	Xia Dynasty	Lasted for about 400 years, little is known because early Chinese had no writing system.	95
6951287135	Shang Dynasty	Ruled for 600 years, conquered neighboring peoples and established an empire, wielded tremendous economic and religious power.	96
6951287136	Zhou Dynasty	The longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.	97
6951287137	Feudalism	The network of regional rulers with relationships based on mutual defense agreements.	98
6951287138	Maize	One of the first important plants to be grown by the indigenous Americans.	99
6951287139	Chavin Civilization	Existed from around 1000 to 200 B.C.E, and centered at Chavin de Huantar.	100
6951287140	Olmec	The foundation or core of Mesoamerica advanced civilizations.	101
6951287141	Aboriginals	People in Australia who remained hunter-foragers.	102
6951287142	Easter Island	Divided into clans, with a chief for each clan and one chief over all clans.	103