Rhetorical techniques - ap language Flashcards

5985719412	figurative language	language that uses word or expressions with a meaning from the literal interpretation	0
5985719413	pun	a play on words created by using one word to suggest two different meanings, both of which seem appropriate in the context of a sentence/paragraph, even though the meanings they suggest may be different or opposite	1
5985719414	double entendre	a figure of speech in which a word or phrase can be understood in two ways, especially when one meaning is risqué	2
5985719415	onomatopoeia	a word that imitates the natural sounds of a thing	3
5985719416	simile	a figure of speech comparing two unlike things that is often introduced "like" or "as"	4
5985719417	metaphor	a figure of speech in which a phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them	5
5985719418	analogy	a comparison in which an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it	6
5985719419	conceit	a figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together with the help of similes or metaphors	7
5985719420	personification	a figure of speech in which a thing, an idea, or an animal is given human attributes	8
5985719421	zeugma	a figure of speech in which a word, usually a verb or adjective, applies to more than one noun, blending together grammatically and logically different ideas	9
5985719422	allegory	a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden message, typically a moral or political one	10
5985719423	fable	a concise and brief story intended to provide a moral lesson at the end	11
5985719424	metonymy	a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated	12
5985719425	synecdoche	a literary device in which a part of something represents a whole or it may use a whole to represent a part	13
5985719426	apposition	an arrangement of words in which a noun or noun phrase is followed by another noun or noun phrase that refers to the same thing	14
5985719427	epithet	an adjective or descriptive phrase expressing a quality characteristic of the person or thing mentioned	15
5985719428	hyperbole	an exaggerated statement or claim not meant to be taken literally, usually for the sake of emphasis	16
5985719429	understatement	a figure of speech used by writers or speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important that it really is and to draw attention to a fact that is already obvious or noticeable	17
5985719430	litotes	a figure of speech that employs an understatement by using double negatives	18
5985719431	euphemism	a polite, indirect expression that replaces words and phrases considered harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant	19
5985719432	paradox	a statement that uses concepts or ideas that are contradictory to one another, yet, when placed together hold significant value on several levels	20
5985719433	oxymoron	a figure of speech in which two contradictory terms are joined to create and effect	21
5985719434	allusion	a brief and indirect reference reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, cultural, political, or literary significance	22
5985719435	rhetoric of parallelism/parallel structure	repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance	23
5985719436	rhetoric of ellipsis	a rhetorical figure of omitting a word or phrase that is easily inferred from the context	24
5985719437	rhetoric of antithesis	a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect	25
5985719438	asyndeton	a stylistic device used in literature and poetry to intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases and in the sentence, yet maintain the grammatical accuracy	26
5985719439	polysyndeton	a stylistic device in which several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effect	27
5985719440	anaphora	the deliberate repetition of the first part of a sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect	28
5985719441	anadiplosis	the repetition of a prominent and usually the last word in a phrase or clause at the beginning of the next	29
5985719442	isocolon	a rhetorical term for the succession of phrases, clauses, or sentences of approximately equal length and corresponding structure	30
5985719443	chiasmus	a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect	31
5985719444	exclamation	a sudden, forceful expression or cry; the rhetorical term for an exclamation is ecphonesis	32
5985719445	parenthesis	a word, clause, or sentence inserted as an explanation or afterthought into a passage that is grammatically complete without it, in writing usually marked off by curved brackets, dashes, or commas	33
5985719446	apostrophe	a figure of speech in which some absent or nonexistent person or thing is addressed as if present and capable of understanding	34
5985719447	style	the way a writer writes and the technique that an individual author uses in his/her writing; depends on syntax, word choice, and tone	35
5985719448	diction	the style of speaking or writing determined by the choice of words of the speaker or writer	36
5985719449	syntax	the way in which words are put together to form phrases, clauses, or sentences	37
5985719450	organization/structure	the organizational method of the written material	38
5985719451	narrative structure/narration	a report of related events presented to the listeners or readers in word arranged in a logical sequence	39
5985719452	detail	a rhetorical strategy using sensory details to portray a person, place, or thing	40
5985719453	theme	the main idea or the underlying meaning of a literary word that may be stated directly or indirectly	41
5985719454	tone	the perspective or attitude that an author adopts with regards to a specific character, place, or development	42
5985719455	mood/attitude	a literary element that evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words or descriptions	43
5985719456	irony	a figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of words	44
5985719457	verbal irony	the use of words to mean something different from what a person actually says	45
5985719458	dramatic irony	occurs when the audience is aware of something that the characters in the story are not aware of	46
5985719459	situational irony	involves a discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what actually happens	47
5985719460	sarcasm	a literary and rhetorical device that is meant to mock often satirically or ironically with a purpose of amusing or hurting someone or some section of society simultaneously	48
5985719461	satire	a technique employed by writers to expose or criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule	49
5985719462	literal meaning	a term that denotes that all words are in strict accordance with their original meanings	50
5985719463	metaphorical/figurative meaning	the metaphorical, idiomatic, or ironic sense of a word or expression	51
5985719464	formal	a broad term for speech marched by an impersonal, objective, and precise use of language	52
5985719465	informal	a broad term for speech or writing marked by a casual, familiar, and generally colloquial use of language	53
5985719466	colloquialism	the use of informal words, phrases, or even slang in a piece of writing	54
5985719467	connotation	a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing that it describes explicitly	55
5985719468	denotation	the literal or dictionary meaning of a word	56
5985719469	abstract	referring to ideas or concepts; having no physical referents	57
5985719470	concrete	referring to objects or events that are available to the senses	58
5985719471	simple language	writing that refers to the commonest, usually Anglo-Saxon root words for things	59
5985719472	pretentious language	the use of more abstract or unnecessary vocabulary in writing	60
5985719473	imagery	the use of figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas in such a way that it appeals to the physical senses	61
5985719474	exposition	a literary device used to introduce background information about events, setting, characters, etc. to the audience	62
5985719475	rising action	a series of related incidents building toward the point of great interest	63
5985719476	climax	the particular point in a narrative at which the conflict or tension hits the highest point	64
5985719477	resolution	the part of the story's plot line in which the problem of the story is resolved or worked out	65
5985719478	external conflict	the struggle between a literary or dramatic character and an outside force such as nature or another character, which drives the dramatic action of the plot	66
5985719479	internal conflict	a psychological struggle within the mind of a literary or dramatic character, the resolution of which created the plot's suspense	67
5985719480	suspense	the intense feeling that an audience goes through while waiting for the outcome of certain events	68
5985719481	blank verse	a literary device defined as un-rhyming verse written in iambic pentameter	69
5985719482	free verse	a literary device that can be defined as poetry that is free from limitations of regular meter or rhythm and does not rhyme with fixed forms	70
5985719483	lyric poetry	a type of emotional, songlike poetry, distinguished from dramatic and narrative poetry	71
5985719484	rhyme	a repetition of similar sounding words occurring a the end of lines in poems and songs	72
5985719485	rhyme scheme	the pattern of rhyme used in a poem, usually marked by letters to symbolize correspondences	73
5985719486	rhythm	a literary device that demonstrates the long and short patterns through stressed and unstressed syllables particularly in verse form	74
5985719487	meter	a rhythm of accented and unaccented syllables, which are organized into patterns called feet	75
5985719488	alliteration	a stylistic device in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series	76
5985719489	assonance	takes place when two or more words sounding close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonant sounds	77
5985719490	consonance	refers to the repetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase	78
5985719491	refrain	a phrase or verse recurring at intervals in a song or poem, especially at the end of each stanza	79
5985719492	pathos	an element in experience or artistic representation evoking pity or compassion	80
5985719493	ethos	represents credibility or an ethical appeal, which involves persuasion by the character involved	81
5985719494	logos	a literary device defined as a statement, sentence, or argument used to convince or persuade the targeted audience by employing reason or logic	82
5985719495	rhetorical question	a question asked just for effect or to lay emphasis on some point discussed when no real answer is expected	83
5985719496	ad hominem device	a literary term that involves commenting on or against an opponent to undermine him instead of his arguments	84
5985719497	argument	the main statement of a poem, essay, short story, or novel that usually appears as an introduction or a point on which the writer will develop his work in order to convince his readers	85
5985719498	logical fallacies	an error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid	86
5985719499	formal fallacies	deductive fallacies; arguments aren't deductively valid	87
5985719500	informal fallacies	weak inductive arguments	88
5985719501	fallacies of relevance	logical fallacies caused by assuming that all parts are equally important and, since some parts are important and true, all parts must be important and true -ad hominem (personal attack) -bandwagon fallacy (argument only appealing because of growing popularity) -fallacist's fallacy (rejecting ideas correctness altogether because of a fallacy) -moralist fallacy (fallacy of assumption that the world is as it should be)	89
5985719502	fallacies of ambiguity	logical fallacies caused by a lack of clarity or by a misunderstanding of the words -accent fallacies (based on stress of word or word parts) -equivocation fallacies (words are used multiple times with different meanings)	90
5985719503	fallacies of presumption	logical fallacies caused by presumption without proof -affirming the consequent (poorly formed argument without reasonable premise) -arguing from ignorance (inference of truth to argument just because it is not known to be false) -begging the question/circular reasoning (conclusion is among the premises)	91
5985719504	syllogism	a rhetorical device that starts an argument with a reference to something general and from this draws a conclusion about something specific	92
5985719505	inductive reasoning	reasoning in which the premises seek to supply strong evidence for (not absolute proof of) the truth of the conclusion	93
5985719506	deductive reasoning	a logical process in which a conclusion drawn from a set of premises contains no more information that the premises contain collectively	94
5985719507	the grotesque	an artistic and literary term that is primarily concerned about distortion and transgression of boundaries (physical or psychological) and exaggeration; fits between the real and the fantastic and between funny and frightening	95
5985719508	anachronism	an error of chronology or timeline in a literary piece	96