AP World History (complete) Flashcards

7053214030	Paleolithic Age	the Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence.	0
7053214031	Homo sapiens sapiens	the species of humanity that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic.	1
7053214032	Neolithic Age	the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished.	2
7053214033	Neolithic revolution	the succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 B.C.E.	3
7053214034	Hunting and gathering	means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization.	4
7053214035	Çatal Hüyük	early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification.	5
7053214036	Bronze Age	from 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing.	6
7053214037	Nomads	cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies.	7
7053214038	Shi Huangdi	first emperor of China; founder of Qin dynasty.	8
7053214039	Qin	dynasty (221-207 B.C.E.) founded at the end of the Warring States period.	9
7053214040	Han	dynasty succeeding the Qin ruled from 202 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.	10
7053214041	Zhou	originally a vassal family of the Shang; possibly Turkic-speaking in origin; overthrew Shang and established 2nd Chinese dynasty (1122-256 B.C.E.).	11
7053214042	Great Wall	Chinese defensive fortification built to keep out northern nomadic invaders; began during the reign of Shi Huangdi.	12
7053214043	Confucius	major Chinese philosopher born in 6th century B.C.E.; sayings collected in Analects; philosophy based on the need for restoration of social order through the role of superior men. stateless societies: societies of varying sizes organized through kinship and lacking the concentration of power found in centralized states.	13
7053214044	Ifriqiya	Roman name for present-day Tunisia.	14
7053214045	Maghrib	Arabic term for northwestern Africa.	15
7053214046	Almohadis	a later puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; also built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain.	16
7053214047	juula	Malinke merchants who traded throughout the Mali Empire and west Africa.	17
7053214048	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260.	18
7053214049	griots	professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire.	19
7053214050	Ibn Batuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world.	20
7053214051	Timbuktu	Niger River port city of Mali; had a famous Muslim university.	21
7053214052	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao.	22
7053214053	Hausa	peoples of northern Nigeria, formed states following the demise of Songhay Empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions.	23
7053214054	Muhammad the Great	extended the boundaries of Songhay in the mid-16th century.	24
7053214055	Sharia	Islamic law, defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance.	25
7053214056	Zenj	Arabic term for the east African coast.	26
7053214057	Benin	powerful city-state (in present-day Nigeria) that came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century.	27
7053214058	demography	the study of population.	28
7053214059	demographic transition	shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population, first emerged in western Europe and United States in late 19th century.	29
7053214060	Kongo	large agricultural state on the lower Congo River; capital at Mbanza Congo.	30
7053214061	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa.	31
7053214062	Hagia Sophia	great domed church constructed during reign of Justinian.	32
7053214063	Belisarius	(c. 505-565); one of Justinian's most important military commanders during the attempted reconquest of western Europe.	33
7053214064	Greek fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople.	34
7053214065	Bulgaria	Slavic kingdom in Balkans; constant pressure on Byzantine Empire; defeated by Basil II in 1014.	35
7053214066	icon	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians.	36
7053214067	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic.	37
7053214068	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th century; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until the 12th century.	38
7053214069	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855.	39
7053214070	Kievan Rus'	the predecessor to modern Russia; a medieval state that existed from the end of the 9th to the middle of the 13th century; its territory spanned parts of modern Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia.	40
7053214071	Vladimir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity.	41
7053214072	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire.	42
7053214073	Yaroslav	(975-1054); Last great Kievan monarch; responsible for codification of laws, based on Byzantine codes.	43
7053214074	boyars	Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts.	44
7053214075	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact.	45
7053214076	Axum	a state in the Ethiopian highlands; received influences from the Arabian peninsula; converted to Christianity.	46
7053214077	Ethiopia	kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; replaced Meroë in first century C.E.; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity.	47
7053214078	Sahara	desert running across northern Africa; separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa.	48
7053214079	Shintoism	religion of the early Japanese court; included the worship of numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world.	49
7053214080	Teotihuacan	site of classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as many as 200,000.	50
7053214081	Maya	classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion.	51
7053214082	Inca	group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create an empire incorporating various Andean cultures; term also used for leader of empire.	52
7053214083	Polynesia	islands contained in a rough triangle with its points at Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island.	53
7053214084	Yellow Turbans	Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 C.E., promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic.	54
7053214085	Sui	dynasty succeeding the Han; grew from strong rulers in northern China; reunited China.	55
7053214086	Tang	dynasty succeeding the Sui in 618 C.E.	56
7053214087	Harsha	ruler who followed Guptas in India; briefly constructed a loose empire in northern India between 616 and 657 C.E.	57
7053214088	Rajput	regional military princes in India following the collapse of the Gupta Empire.	58
7053214089	Devi	mother goddess within Hinduism; devotion to her spread widely after the collapse of the Gupta and encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual.	59
7053214090	Islam	major world religion having its origins in 610 C.E. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally "submission"; based on prophecy of Muhammad.	60
7053214091	Diocletian	Roman emperor (284-305 C.E.); restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection.	61
7053214092	Constantine	Roman emperor (321-337 C.E.); established his capital at Constantinople; used Christianity to unify the empire.	62
7053214093	Byzantine Empire	eastern half of the Roman Empire; survived until 1453; retained Mediterranean, especially Hellenistic, culture.	63
7053214094	Augustine (Saint)	North African Christian theologian; made major contributions in incorporating elements of classical philosophy into Christianity.	64
7053214095	Coptic	Christian sect in Egypt, later tolerated after Islamic takeover.	65
7053214096	Mahayana	version of Buddhism popular in China; emphasized Buddha's role as a savior.	66
7053214097	Bodhisattvas	Buddhist holy men who refused advance toward nirvana to receive prayers of the living to help them reach holiness.	67
7053214098	Jesus of Nazareth	prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed c. 30 C.E.	68
7053214099	Paul	one of the first Christian missionaries; moved away from insistence that adherents of the new religion follow Jewish law; use of Greek as language of Church.	69
7053214100	Pope	Bishop of Rome; head of the Catholic church in western Europe. Council of Nicaea: Christian council that met in 325 C.E. to determine orthodoxy with respect to the	70
7053214101	Trinity; insisted on divinity of all persons of the Trinity.		71
7053214102	Benedict of Nursia	founder of monasticism in the former western half of the Roman Empire; established the Benedictine rule in the 6th century.	72
7053214103	Civilization	societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups.	73
7053214104	Mesopotamia	literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris Euphrates river valleys.	74
7053214105	Sumerians	people who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into citystates.	75
7053214106	Cuneiform	a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.	76
7053214107	Ziggurats	massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections.	77
7053214108	City-state	a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban based king.	78
7053214109	Babylonians	unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	79
7053214110	Hammurabi	the most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law.	80
7053214111	Pharaoh	the term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs.	81
7053214112	Pyramids	monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.	82
7053214113	Kush	African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.	83
7053214114	Indus River	river sources in Himalayas to mouth of Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization.	84
7053214115	Harappa	along with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.	85
7053214116	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society.	86
7053214117	Vedas	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.	87
7053214118	Mahabharata	Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form.	88
7053214119	Ramayana	one of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife,	89
7053214120	Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E.		90
7053214121	Upanishads	later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority.	91
7053214122	Yellow River	also known as the Huanghe; site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China.	92
7053214123	Ideographs	pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing.	93
7053214124	Shang	first Chinese dynasty for which archaeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E.	94
7053214125	Olmecs	people of a cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c. 1200 B.C.E.; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems.	95
7053214126	Chavín de Huanter	Chavín culture appeared in the highlands of the Andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E.; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavín de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs.	96
7053214127	Phoenicians	seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean.	97
7053214128	Monotheism	the exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization.	98
7053214129	Buddha	creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in the 6th century B.C.E.; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for earthly things.	99
7053214130	Alexander the Great	successor of Philip II; successfully conquered the Persian empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures.	100
7053214131	Himalayas	mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent.	101
7053214132	monsoons	seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer bring rains.	102
7053214133	Sanskrit	the classical and sacred Indian language.	103
7053214134	Varnas	clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes—brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas.	104
7053214135	Indra	chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior.	105
7053214136	Chandragupta Maurya	founder of the Mauryan dynasty, the first empire in the Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization.	106
7053214137	Mauryan	dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following the invasion of Alexander the Great.	107
7053214138	Ashoka	grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhismand sponsored its spread throughout his empire.	108
7053214139	dharma	the caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform their occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life.	109
7053214140	Guptas	dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E., which included all but southern Indian regions; less centralized than Mauryan Empire.	110
7053214141	Kautilya	political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; wrote political treatise.	111
7053214142	gurus	originally referred to as brahmans, who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas.	112
7053214143	Vishnu	the brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped.	113
7053214144	Shiva	Hindu god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change.	114
7053214145	reincarnation	the successive rebirth of the soul according to merits earned in previous lives.	115
7053214146	nirvana	the Buddhist state of enlightenment; a state of tranquility.	116
7053214147	Kamasutra	written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking.	117
7053214148	stupas	stone shrines built to house relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.	118
7053214149	scholar-gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.	119
7053214150	lateen	triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms or yard arms; which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship.	120
7053214151	al-Mahdi	third Abbasid caliph (775-785); failed to reconcile Shi'a moderates to his dynasty and to resolve the succession problem.	121
7053214152	Harun al-Rashid	most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights.	122
7053214153	Buyids	Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad; and as sultans, throughAbbasid figureheads.	123
7053214154	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th centuryin the name of the Abbasids.	124
7053214155	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291.	125
7053214156	Saadin	(1137-1193); Muslim ruler of Egypt and Syria; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms.	126
7053214157	Ibn Khaldun	great Muslim historian; author of The Muqaddimah; sought to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynastic history.	127
7053214158	Shah-Nama	epic poem written by Firdawsi in the late 10th and early 11th centuries; recounts the history of Persia to the era of Islamic conquests.	128
7053214159	ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking.	129
7053214160	al-Ghazali	brilliant Islamic theologian; attempted to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions.	130
7053214161	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph.	131
7053214162	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms.	132
7053214163	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan; continued his work, taking Baghdad in 1258.	133
7053214164	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt, descended from Turkish slaves.	134
7053214165	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab general who conquered Sind and made it part of the Umayyad Empire.	135
7053214166	Mahmud of Ghazni	ruler of an Afghan dynasty; invaded northern India during the 11th century.	136
7053214167	Muhammad of Ghur	Persian ruler of a small Afghan kingdom; invaded and conquered much of northern India.	137
7053214168	Qutb-ud- din Aibak	lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with the capital at Delhi.	138
7053214169	bhaktic cults	Hindu religious groups who stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddesses—especially Shiva, Vishnu, and Kali.	139
7053214170	Mir Bai	low-caste woman poet and songwriter in bhaktic cults.	140
7053214171	Kabir	15th-century Muslim mystic who played down the differences between Hinduism and Islam.	141
7053214172	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam.	142
7053214173	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya.	143
7053214174	Demak	most powerful of the trading states on the north Java coast; converted to Islam and served as a dissemination point to other regions.	144
7053214175	Cyrus the Great	(c. 576 or 590-529 B.C.E.); founded Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires.	145
7053214176	Zoroastrianism	Persian religion that saw material existence as a battle between the forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; a last judgment decided the eternal fate of each person.	146
7053214177	Olympic Games	one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek citystates; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations.	147
7053214178	Pericles	Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian Empire.	148
7053214179	Peloponnesian War	war from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for domination in Greece; the Spartans won but failed to achieve political unification in Greece.	149
7053214180	Philip of Macedonia	ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; conquered Greece.	150
7053214181	Hellenistic	culture associated with the spread of Greek influence and intermixture with other cultures as a result of Macedonian conquests.	151
7053214182	Roman Republic	the balanced political system of Rome from circa 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and popular assemblies.	152
7053214183	Punic Wars	three wars (264-146 B.C.E.) between Rome and the Carthaginians; saw the transformation of Rome from a land to a sea power.	153
7053214184	Carthage	founded by the Phoenicians in Tunisia; became a major empire in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic wars with Rome for Mediterranean dominance; defeated and destroyed by the Romans.	154
7053214185	Hannibal	Carthaginian general during the second Punic War; invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome.	155
7053214186	Julius Caesar	general responsible for the conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in B.C.E. by conservative senators.	156
7053214187	Caesar Augustus	(63 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome.	157
7053214188	Diocletian	Roman emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection.	158
7053214189	Constantine	Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually.	159
7053214190	Polis	city-state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E.	160
7053214191	Direct democracy	literally, rule of the people—in Athens, it meant all free male citizens; all decisions emanated from the popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives.	161
7053214192	Senate	assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution.	162
7053214193	Consuls	two chief executives of the Roman republic; elected annually by the assembly dominated by the aristocracy.	163
7053214194	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; taught that knowledge was based upon observation of phenomena in material world.	164
7053214195	Cicero	conservative senator and Stoic philosopher; one of the great orators of his day.	165
7053214196	Stoics	Hellenistic philosophers; they emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery.	166
7053214197	Socrates	Athenian philosopher of later 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection in moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young.	167
7053214198	Sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex.	168
7053214199	Iliad and Odyssey	Greek epic poems attributed to Homer; defined relations of gods and humans that shaped Greek mythology.	169
7053214200	Doric, Ionic, Corinthian	three distinct styles of Hellenic architecture; listed in order of increasing ornate quality.	170
7053214201	bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats.	171
7053214202	shaykhs	leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children.	172
7053214203	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam.	173
7053214204	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty.	174
7053214205	Quaraysh	tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century C.E.	175
7053214206	Ka'ba	revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship.	176
7053214207	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar.	177
7053214208	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh.	178
7053214209	Khadijah	the wife of Muhammad.	179
7053214210	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam.	180
7053214211	Ali	cousin and son-in- law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism.	181
7053214212	umma	community of the faithful within Islam.	182
7053214213	zakat	tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims.	183
7053214214	five pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).	184
7053214215	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset.	185
7053214216	hajj	a Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.	186
7053214217	caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community.	187
7053214218	Ridda wars	wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam.	188
7053214219	jihads	Islamic holy war.	189
7053214220	Copts, Nestorians	Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims.	190
7053214221	Uthman	third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali.	191
7053214222	Battle of Siffin	battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali's party.	192
7053214223	Mu'awiya	first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus.	193
7053214224	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads.	194
7053214225	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam.	195
7053214226	Karbala	site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali.	196
7053214227	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate.	197
7053214228	mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam.	198
7053214229	jizya	head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands.	199
7053214230	dhimmis	"the people of the book," Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus.	200
7053214231	hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an; form the essential writings of Islam.	201
7053214232	Abbasid	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad.	202
7053214233	Battle of the River Zab	750; Abbasid victory over the Umayyads, near the Tigris. Led to Abbasid ascendancy.	203
7053214234	Baghdad	Abbasid capital, close to the old Persian capital of Ctesiphon.	204
7053214235	wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids.	205
7053214236	dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants.	206
7053214237	ayan	the wealthy, landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids.	207
7053214238	Indians	misnomer created by Columbus when referring to indigenous New World peoples; still used to describe Native Americans.	208
7053214239	Toltec culture	succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; strong militaristic ethic including human sacrifice; influenced large territory after 1000 C.E.; declined after 1200 C.E.	209
7053214240	Topiltzin	religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula.	210
7053214241	Quetzalcoatl	Toltec deity; feathered serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god.	211
7053214242	Tenochtitlan	founded circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power.	212
7053214243	Tlaloc	major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle; god of rain.	213
7053214244	Huitcilopochtli	Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god.	214
7053214245	Nezhualcoyotl	leading Aztec king of the 15th century.	215
7053214246	chinampas	beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture used by Aztecs.	216
7053214247	pochteca	merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in longdistance trade in luxury items.	217
7053214248	calpulli	clans in Aztec society; evolved into residential groupings that distributed land and provided labor and warriors.	218
7053214249	Pachacuti	Inca ruler (1438-1471); began the military campaigns that marked the creation ofan Inca empire.	219
7053214250	ayllus	households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from a common, sometimes mythical ancestor.	220
7053214251	Twantinsuyu	Inca word for their empire; region from Colombia to Chile and eastward into Bolivia and Argentina.	221
7053214252	split inheritance	Inca practice of ruler descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of dead Inca's mummy.	222
7053214253	Temple of the Sun	Inca religious center at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas.	223
7053214254	tambos	way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages.	224
7053214255	mita	labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.	225
7053214256	Inca socialism	an interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.	226
7053214257	yanas	a class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the Inca or the Inca nobility.	227
7053214258	quipu	system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records.	228
7053214259	Zheng He	Muslim Chinese seaman; commanded expeditions throughout the India Ocean.	229
7053214260	Renaissance	cultural and political elite movement beginning in Italy circa 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; produced literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the European Middle Ages.	230
7053214261	Francesco Petrarch	Italian author and humanist; a major literary figure of the Renaissance.	231
7053214262	Castile and Aragon	regional Iberian kingdoms; participated in reconquest of peninsula from	232
7053214263	Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda.		233
7053214264	Vivaldi	Genoese explorers who attempted to find a western route to the "Indies"; precursors of European thrust into southern Atlantic.	234
7053214265	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.	235
7053214266	Tale of Genji	written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society.	236
7053214267	Fujiwara	mid-9th- century Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power.	237
7053214268	bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies.	238
7053214269	samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor.	239
7053214270	seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor.	240
7053214271	Taira	powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars.	241
7053214272	Minamoto	defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th-century Japan.	242
7053214273	Gempei wars	waged for five years from 1180 on Honshu between the Taira and Minamoto families; ended in destruction of Taira.	243
7053214274	bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gumpei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai. shoguns: military leaders of the bakufu.	244
7053214275	Hojo	a warrior family closely allied with the Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers; ruled in name of emperor.	245
7053214276	Ashikaga Takuaji	member of Minamoto family; overthrew Kamakura regime and established Ashikaga shogunate (1336-1573); drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino.	246
7053214277	Ashikaga Shogunate	replaced the Kamakura regime and ruled from 1336 to 1573; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority.	247
7053214278	daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga	248
7053214279	shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states.		249
7053214280	Choson	earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han in 109 B.C.E.	250
7053214281	Koguryo	tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Sinification.	251
7053214282	Silla	Korean kingdom in southeast; became a vassal of the Tang and paid tribute; ruled Korea from 668.	252
7053214283	Paekche	independent Korean kingdom in southwestern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century.	253
7053214284	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions.	254
7053214285	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence.	255
7053214286	Khmers	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi.	256
7053214287	Trung sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 C.E.; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society.	257
7053214288	Chams	Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south.	258
7053214289	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi.	259
7053214290	Trinh	dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772; rivals of Nguyen family in south.	260
7053214291	Factories	trading stations with resident merchants established by the Portuguese and other Europeans.	261
7053214292	El Mina	important Portuguese factory on the coast of modern Ghana.	262
7053214293	Nzinga Mvemba	ruler of the Kongo kingdom (1507-1543); converted to Christianity; his efforts to integrate Portuguese and African ways foundered because of the slave trade.	263
7053214294	Luanda	Portuguese settlement founded in the 1520s; became the core for the colony of Angola.	264
7053214295	Royal African Company	chartered in Britain in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the African trade; supplied slaves to British New World colonies.	265
7053214296	Indies piece	a unit in the complex exchange system of the west African trade; based on the value of an adult male slave.	266
7053214297	triangular trade	complex commercial pattern linking Africa, the Americas, and Europe; slaves from Africa went to the New World; American agricultural products went to Europe; European goods went to Africa.	267
7053214298	Asante	Akan state among the Akan people of Ghana and centered at Kumasi.	268
7053214299	Osei Tutu	important ruler who began centralization and expansion of Asante.	269
7053214300	Asantehene	title, created by Osei Tutu, of the civil and religious ruler of Asante.	270
7053214301	Benin	African kingdom in the Bight of Benin; at the height of its power when Europeans arrived; famous for its bronze casting techniques.	271
7053214302	Dahomey	African state among the Fon peoples; developed in the 17th century centered at	272
7053214303	Abomey; became a major slave trading state through utilization of Western firearms.		273
7053214304	Luo	Nilotic people who migrated from the Upper Nile regions to establish dynasties in the lakes region of central Africa.	274
7053214305	Usuman Dan Fodio	Muslim Fulani leader who launched a great religious movement among the Hausa.	275
7053214306	Great Trek	movement inland during the 1830s of Dutch-ancestry settlers in South Africa seeking to escape their British colonial government.	276
7053214307	Shaka	ruler among the Nguni peoples of southeast Africa during the early 19th century; developed military tactics that created the Zulu state.	277
7053214308	Mfecane	wars among Africans in southern Africa during the early 19th century; caused migrations and alterations in African political organization. Swazi and Lesotho: African states formed by people reacting to the stresses of the Mfecane.	278
7053214309	Middle Passage	slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; a deadly and traumatic experience.	279
7053214310	Saltwater slaves	name given to slaves born in Africa; distinguished from American-born descendants, the creoles.	280
7053214311	obeah	African religious practices in the British American islands.	281
7053214312	candomble	African religious practices in Brazil among the Yoruba.	282
7053214313	vodun	African religious practices among descendants in Haiti.	283
7053214314	Palmares	Angolan-led, large runaway slave state in 17th-century Brazil.	284
7053214315	Surinam Maroons	descendants of 18th-century runaway slaves who found permanent refuge in the rainforests of Surinam and French Guiana.	285