Pearson AP World Civilizations Chapter 6 Flashcards

5000754032	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian Peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam	0
5000754033	Shaykhs	Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children	1
5000754034	Mecca	City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian Peninsula; founded by the Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Mohammed; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam	2
5000754035	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750	3
5001007225	Quraysh	Tribe of Bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century CE	4
5001007226	Ka'ba	Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam	5
5001007227	Medina	Also known as Yathrib; town located north east of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to Bedouins; became refuge for Mohammad following flight from Mecca	6
5001007228	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE and thereafter; died in 632	7
5001007229	Khadijah	First wife of the Prophet Mohammed, who had worked for her as a trader (595-615 CE)	8
5001007230	Qur'an	Recitations of revelations received by Mohammed; the holy book of Islam	9
5001007231	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Mohammed; one of orthodox Caliphs; focus for Shi'a	10
5001007232	Umma	Community of the faithful with in Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity	11
5001007233	Zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims	12
5001007234	Five pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj	13
5001007235	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset	14
5001007236	Hajj	A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba	15
5001007237	Caliph	The political and religious successor to Mohammed	16
5001007238	Bakr, Abu	One of Mohammed's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first Caliph of Islamic community (C. 573-634 CE)	17
5001007239	Ridda Wars	Wars that followed Mohammed's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	18
5001007240	Jihad	Struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith	19
5001007241	Copts	Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to byzantine rule	20
5001007242	Nestorians	A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasion of this area in preference to byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions	21
5001007243	Uthman	Third Caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and Umayyad clan	22
5001007244	Battle of Siffin	Thought and 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that lead to fragmentation of Ali's party	23
5001007245	Mu'awiya	Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad Caliph following civil war with Ali (602-680)	24
5001007246	Sunnis	Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads	25
5001007247	Shi'a	Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali	26
5001007248	Karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate	27
5001007249	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate	28
5001007250	Mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam	29
5001007251	Jizya	Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories	30
5001007252	Dhimmi	Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus	31
5001007253	Hadiths	Traditions of the prophet	32
5001007254	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as Caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE	33
5001007255	Battle of the River Zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital	34
5001007256	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capitalof Ctesiphon	35
5001007257	Wazir	Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of the empire	36
5001007258	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design	37
5001007259	Ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	38
5027547799	Who were the tribal and clan leaders within Bedouin society?	The Shaykhs	39
5027547800	Where was Mecca located?	The mountainous region along the Red Sea on the Arabian Peninsula	40
5027547801	For what was Mecca known?	It was the site of the Ka'ba and the original home of Muhammed	41
5027547802	What clan was part of the Quraysh and controlled the political and commercial life of Mecca?	Umayyad	42
5027547803	Who was the prophet of Islam?	Muhammad	43
5027547804	Where were Muhammad's revelations recorded?	The Qur'an	44
5027547805	What were the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims called?	The Five Pillars	45
5027547806	What were the Five Pillars?	Profession of the faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj	46
5027547807	What duties did the Caliph perform?	He was the religious and political leader in Islam after Muhammad's death	47
5027547808	What was the concept of holy war called?	Jihads	48
5027547809	Damascus was the capital of what empire?	The Umayyad Empire	49
5027547810	"People of the Book" were usually Christian or Jewish, called______?	Dhimmi	50
5027547811	What empire followed the Umayyad?	The Abbasid	51
5027547812	In what direction did the capital of Islam moved?	North or Northeast	52
5027547813	Why did the capitals of Islam move?	To follow the stronger parts of an empire with larger concentrations of people	53