AP Flashcards

6259703438	Development	process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology	0
6259705969	More developed countries (MDC)	decrease in primary and secondary; lower than developing, increase in tertiary; higher than developing	1
6259708829	Less developed countries (LDC)	decrease in primary and secondary; still higher than developed, increasing tertiary; still lower than developing	2
6259711348	Human Development Index (HDI)	human welfare based on 3 parameters: standard of living/income, life expectancy, and education	3
6259722807	Human Development Index (very high)	above .79	4
6259722808	Human Development Index (high)	.7 to .79	5
6259727142	Human Development Index (medium)	.52 to .69	6
6259730245	Human Development Index (low)	below .52	7
6259734396	(GNI) Gross National Income	the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country	8
6259737605	(GDP) Gross Domestic Product	the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year). (Produced within country)	9
6259741388	(GNP) Gross National Product	the value of all the goods and services produced by a country. Includes companies located abroad	10
6259745787	(PPP) Purchasing Power Parity	amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country; PPP adjusts income figures to account for differences among countries in the cost of the goods. Accounts for what money buys within a country	11
6259748847	Per Capita	divided by population, assumes an average/mean distribution of wealth	12
6259752329	Education	measured by literacy rate, quality, quantity	13
6259760347	Literacy rate	percentage of people who can read and write	14
6259763525	Education- quantity	years of schooling	15
6259765548	Education- quality	pupil-teacher ratio	16
6259767539	Life Expectancy	how long someone lives, longer in developed	17
6259770824	Economic Structures (primary)	harvest or extraction of raw materials	18
6259770825	Economic Structures (secondary)	assembly of raw materials into goods and services	19
6259770826	Economic Structures (tertiary)	exchange of goods in the secondary sector, basic service jobs	20
6259770827	Economic Structures (quaternary)	research and development; education, medicine, banking, and finance	21
6259773482	Economic Structures (quinary)	involves high level decision making (Executives) and scientific research	22
6259784667	productivity	value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it	23
6259784668	value added	gross value of a product minus the costs of raw material and energy	24
6259792912	consumer goods	more accessible in MDCs than LDCs	25
6259798016	Gender Inequality Index (GII)	measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality	26
6259800168	Empowerment	ability of women to achieve economic and political power. % of seats held in national legislature and % of women who have completed high school	27
6259801716	Labor Force	measured by female labor force participation	28
6259805731	female labor force participation rate	% of women holding full-time jobs outside the home	29
6259808216	maternal mortality rate	number of women who die giving birth per 100k births	30
6259811116	adolescent fertility rate	number of births per 1k women 15 to 19	31
6259813569	Factors of Production	capital, labor, entrepreneurship and land	32
6259813570	capital	any human-made resource that is used to create other goods and services	33
6259818583	physical capital	objects	34
6259818584	human capital	skills and knowledge of the workers	35
6259820970	labor	any effort a person devotes to a task for which that person is paid	36
6259820971	entrepreneurship	willingness of people to organize, operate and assume risks involved with business ventures	37
6259826274	land	all natural resources that are used to produce goods and services, renewable- those produced in nature more rapidly than consumed by humans vs. nonrenewable- produced in nature more slowly than consumed by humans	38
6259828418	supply	quantity that the producers are willing and able to sell	39
6259828419	demand	quantity that consumers are willing and able to buy	40
6259831231	coal	located in mid-latitude countries, will last 131 years at current rate	41
6259835975	natural gas	in developing, will last 49 years at current rate	42
6259835976	petroleum	beneath seas and land, mostly in developing, will last 43 years at current rate	43
6259839171	us supply	¼ of coal reserves, 1.5% of petroleum reserves, 4.3% of natural gas reserves	44
6259839172	OPEC	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, controls prices of petroleum	45
6259841529	proven reserve	the amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits	46
6259841530	potential reserve	the amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist	47
6259845840	sustainable development	The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generations will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development	48
6259845841	nuclear energy	fission- splitting of uranium atoms (124 years left), is nonrenewable. Out of 30 countries that use it, 19 are in developed. Releases radioactive waste	49
6259851130	radioactive waste	lethal, no permanent solution	50
6259853276	hydroelectric energy	generating power from the movement of water. World's second most popular source of energy, after coal	51
6259855286	biomass energy	derived from plant material and animal waste	52
6259855287	wind power	wind turbines	53
6259857687	geothermal power	energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks	54
6259857688	solar energy	supplied by sun	55
6259859374	passive solar energy	captures sun without using devices (window)	56
6259863672	active solar energy	collects solar energy and converts it either to heat energy or to electricity (photovoltaic cells)	57
6259865970	nuclear fusion	fusing of hydrogen atoms to form helium. Need tech to be able to harness its ability still	58
6259868086	Rostow's development model	5 stages of development 1) Traditional society, primary activities, low productivity and per capita income 2) Preconditions for takeoff, commercialization of agriculture, increased exploitation of raw materials 3) Takeoff, development of manufacturing sector 4) Drive to maturity, diffusion of tech, international trade expands, development of wider industrial and commercial base 5) High mass consumption, high incomes, widespread production of many goods and services	59
6259870017	Self-sufficiency	residents produce everything they need for their own consumption	60
6259870018	Self-sufficiency (pro)	doesn't rely on external sources. It can help shield its own industries from foreign competition	61
6259870019	Self-sufficiency (con)	inefficient, large government bureaucracies, black market	62
6259875200	International Trade	number one reason is because of uneven distribution of resources, more efficient than self-sufficiency	63
6259875201	International Trade (pro)	allows country to specialize in certain goods.	64
6259875202	International Trade (con)	uneven distribution of resources, dependency on developed countries, market decline (consumer demand for products changes), benefits corporations not small businesses	65
6259880166	Absolute Advantage	if one country can produce more of something than another country using a given quantity of of resources	66
6259883456	Comparative Advantage	if one country can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost (includes the value of what you must give up) than another country. Other goes over	67
6259885826	World Trade Organization (WTO)	promotes the international trade development model, countries created it to reduce barriers in trade by eliminating tariffs, quotas, and licenses and by enforcing agreements	68
6259888054	Economic Systems	how a society answers the 3 basic economic questions. The 3 questions are- 1) What goods and services will be produced? 2) How will they be produced? 3) For whom will they be produced?	69
6259891107	Traditional	guided by traditions, nature and traditions answer the 3 questions	70
6259893392	Command or Planned	government creates laws to regulate economy. 3 questions answered by government	71
6259895520	Market/Free enterprise	limited government, freedom of choice. 3 questions answered by consumers and producers and government	72
6259895521	mixed	most countries in world are this economic system today. Takes advantages of other 3 system and gets rid of their disadvantages	73
6259900309	Foreign direct investment (FDI)	investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country. Major source of this is transnational	74
6259902682	International Monetary Fund (IMF)	provides loans to countries who are experiencing balance-of-payments problems that threaten expansion of international trade. Does not lend for specific projects.	75
6259907449	Policy Framework Paper	outlines a structural adjustment program	76
6259908982	structural adjustment program	economic policies imposed on LDCs by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade	77
6259908983	World Bank	includes IBRD and IDA. IDA provides loans to the countries that are too risky for the IBRD	78
6259911084	microfinance	provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing	79
6259917497	Industrial Revolution	started in Great Britain, later moved to western Europe and then North America. Associated with 3 main things; steam engine, new machines for textiles, and the factory system (everyone works under the same roof)	80
6259911085	fair trade	promoting sustainability. The movement advocates the payment of a fair price as well as social and environmental standards in areas related to the production of a wide variety of goods.	81
6259920844	cottage industry	A traditional type of manufacturing in the pre-industrial revolution era, practiced on a small scale in individual households as a part-time occupation and designed to produce handmade goods for local consumption	82
6259923455	Fordism/Fordist	form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly	83
6259927491	Industrial Regions	1st one in Great Britain. Next was North America, which grew very quickly during 19th century. Mostly in NE US and SE Canada. Recently has moved to the South because of cheap labor and less unions. Third is East Asia, which started with Japan in 20th century. China has become one of the leading countries in manufacturing in the 21st century.	84
6259927492	agglomeration	industries can assist one another through shared talents, services, and facilities	85
6259931669	Bulk-Gaining Industries	try to locate as close to market as possible, market-orientated. Ex is the beverage production	86
6259931670	Bulk-Reducing Industries	tries to locate factories as close as possible to inputs, material oriented. Ex anything with minerals	87
6259935074	Single-Market Manufacturers	tries to locate as close as possible to consumers, only have one or two customers, relies on just-in-time delivery. Ex motor vehicles parts	88
6259937773	labor-intensive industry	wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a higher percentage of expenses. Ex textiles and apparel	89
6259940111	deindustrialization	employment in manufacturing as a share of total employment has fallen dramatically in the world's most advanced economies. Ex are the Four Tiger economies of East Asia (Hong Kong, China, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan Province of China) and the "Rust Belt" of the US	90
6259942499	Outsourcing	decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers	91
6259944509	Maquiladoras	factory built by a US company in Mexico, near the US border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico	92
6259944510	NAFTA	North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement, eliminated most barriers to moving goods among Mexico, US, and Canada	93
6259947818	BRIC	Brazil, Russia, India, and China (sometimes South Africa). Predicted to dominate global manufacturing in 21st century	94
6259950234	Consumer services	businesses that provide services primarily to individual customers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure services	95
6259951562	Central Place Theory	theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther	96
6259951563	Central Place	market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area	97
6259956387	Market area (hinterland)	area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services	98
6259956388	threshold	minimum number of people needed to support a service	99
6259956389	range	max distance people are willing to travel to use a service	100
6259959334	Nesting of services	hexagons for central place theory. Smallest to largest is hamlet, village, town, city	101
6259961354	Hierarchy of consumer services	services clustered more in cities	102
6259961355	Market Area Analysis	Process that is used to determine whether or not to locate a service in a particular place.	103
6259964230	Business services	services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services	104
6259965954	Global Cities	most closely integrated into global economy. Headquarters for a lot of corporations. Ex NYC, London, Tokyo	105
6259967871	Back-office functions	insurance claims processing, payroll management, transcription work, and other routine clerical activities. Can be performed at a lower cost in developing and it wants a large labor force who can speak English (India)	106
6259969853	Offshore financial services	provides 2 important functions in the global circulation of capital: taxes are low/nonexistent and privacy for the customer	107
6259971988	public services	services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses	108
6260260975	reproductive health	measured by maternal mortality ratio and adolescent fertility rate	109