AP World History Period 4 Part 2 Flashcards

6725579301	Scientific Revolution	process culminating in Europe during the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; became a central focus of Western culture	0
6725581962	Copernicus	Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center	1
6725586854	Galileo	publicized Copernicus's findings; added own discoveries concerning the laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work	2
6725590228	Rene Descartes	philosopher who established the importance of the skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human wisdom could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature	3
6725593459	Isaac Newton	English scientist; authored Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity	4
6725605347	Deism	concept of God during the Scientific Revolution; the role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws in motion	5
6725609629	John Locke	English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through their senses and reason; argued that the power of government came from the people, not from the divine right of kings; they had the right to overthrow tyrants	6
6725614092	Absolute monarchy	concept of government developed during the rise of the nation-state in western Europe during the 17th century; monarchs held the absolute right to direct their state	7
6725615863	Louis XIV	French king who personified absolute monarchy	8
6725619758	Glorious Revolution	English political settlement of 1688 and 1689 which affirmed that parliament had basic sovereignty over the king	9
6725623753	Frederick the Great	Prussian king who introduced Enlightenment reforms; included freedom of religion and increased state control of the economy	10
6725628305	Enlightenment	intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; argued for scientific advance, the application of scientific methods to study human society; believed that rational laws could describe social behavior	11
6725630963	Adam Smith	established new school of economic thought; argued that governments should avoid regulation of economies in favor of the free play of market forces	12
6725686269	Mary Wollstonecraft	Enlightenment English feminist thinker; argued that political rights should be extended to women	13
6725690889	Ivan III (the Great)	Prince of the Duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar (caesar)	14
6725696560	Ivan IV (the Terrible)	confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture	15
6725707743	Cossacks	peasant-adventurers with agricultural and military skills, recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia	16
6725712140	Time of Troubles	early 17th century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion following the death without an heir of Ivan IV; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613	17
6725714631	Alexis Romanov	Second Romanov ruler; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox church	18
6725724463	Old Believers	conservative Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia	19
6725727232	Peter I (the Great)	tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models	20
6725729573	Catherine the Great	German-born Russian tsarina; combined receptivity to selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry	21
6725732392	Partition of Poland	three separate divisions of Polish territory between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as a n independent state	22
6725736739	Pugachev rebellion	unsuccessful peasant rising led by cossack Emelyan Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter	23
6725739703	Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille	monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the kingdom of Spain; initiated exploration of New World	24
6725742092	Encomiendas	grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance	25
6725743843	Hernan Cortes	led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec Empire and established Spanish colonial rule	26
6725749072	Moctezuma II	last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortes's conquest	27
6725752889	New Spain	Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system	28
6725756187	Mita	forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects	29
6725770694	Haciendas	rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy	30
6725779688	Consulado	merchant guild of Seville with a virtual monopoly over goods shipped to Spanish America; handled much of silver shipped in return	31
6725782361	Galleons	large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system utilized for transportation of bullion	32
6725785718	Treaty of Tordesillas	concluded in 1494 between Castille and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; in the new World Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain	33
6725789411	Recopilacion	body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish New World possessions; bases of law in the Indies	34
6725793226	Council of the Indies	Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies	35