US History Post-Civil War Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images [1]
4576220030 | The Gilded Age | Era of US history where America appeared to be great on the outside, but actually was quite corrupt and poor on the inside | 0 | |
4576233225 | President Grant | Extremely corrupt president who ran on the platform of military reconstruction and a hard money system | 1 | |
4576237232 | William Tweed | Boss who ran democratic party in NYC and eventually stole from the city with the public sanitation department | 2 | |
4576248108 | Credit Mobilier | Scandal where railroad production was outsourced, and this company overcharged the government, sold "prime railroad real estate" that was actually poor, and hurt the common man | 3 | |
4576256581 | Robber Barons | People who monopolized industry to get loads of money through whatever means possible, like Rockefeller or Carnegie | 4 | |
4576258504 | Social Darwinism | A theory on society saying that those with the greatest ability to succeed should end up with the most power, as seen in nature | 5 | |
4576268303 | Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | Large fire in a textile factory that resulted in hundreds of women's death from fire and suicide | 6 | |
4576279310 | Noble order of the Knights of Labor | Union open to all labor led by Terence Powderly with broad goals, but eventually dies out | 7 | |
4576282210 | AFL | A craft union formed by Samuel Gompers with goals including an 8 hour workday, better wages, and better working conditions | 8 | |
4576294901 | Homestead Strike | A strike with unionized workers, where the plant manager shuts down the plant and brings in the pinkertons to break up the strike | 9 | |
4576314537 | Pullman Strike | Train company workers go on strike with a union, but the governor refuses to help and the president is forced to step in | 10 | |
4594143804 | Chinese Exclusion Act | Cut off Chinese immigration of 1879 | 11 | |
4594150085 | Homestead Act | Act that gave free land to anyone willing to move west and farm there | 12 | |
4594157449 | Railroads | Invention that allowed for huge economical improvements and allowed people to move west | 13 | |
4594161708 | Granger Laws | Laws created to regulate railroad rates as result of the National Grange of the Patrons of Husandry that was thrown out by congress | 14 | |
4594173512 | Ranches | resulted after high demand for meat, used cowboys, nearly made the American Buffalo extinct | 15 | |
4594180626 | Butterfield Overland Express | First mail and passenger service between St. Louis and San Francisco, made the transcontinental journey much different | 16 | |
4594184441 | Indian Wars | Result of American expansion west into Indian territories | 17 | |
4594190527 | New Manifest Destiny | Expansion towards islands and other countries as America's new frontier | 18 | |
4594196759 | Alfred Thayer Mahan | Wrote a book arguing for Naval power to be critical for a nation | 19 | |
4594200643 | Theodore Roosevelt | Drives Imperialism as President, conquers many Caribbean and Central American territories | 20 | |
4594206765 | Yellow Journalists | Journalists who wrote overly sensational articles to sell newspapers | 21 | |
4594207494 | Fredrick Jackson Turner | Historian during the 1890s who wrote the frontier thesis, which argued that the continuous existence of the American frontier had shaped the character of the nation, and the end of this frontier marked the end the first chapter in American history. | 22 | |
4594210100 | Spanish-American War | conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States. Fought mainly for the issue of Cuban independence from Spain. Involved the explosion of a US Battleship in Havana | 23 | |
4594213874 | Insular Cases | Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens. | 24 | |
4594217600 | Capitalism | An economic system based on private property and free enterprise. What the US heavily believes in | 25 | |
4594219340 | Monopolies | Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service. | 26 | |
4594221542 | Muckrakers | 1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business such as Lincoln Steffens or Upton Sinclair | 27 | |
4594223561 | W.E.B DuBois | 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910 | 28 | |
4594225207 | Progressive Accomplishments | Primary elections, Initiatives (citizens proposing laws), referendums (supported laws force congress to look at them), and recalls (fire elected officials with enough support) | 29 | |
4594231418 | 16th Amendment | Allows the federal government to collect income tax | 30 | |
4594232449 | Rick'd | When he tells you "great job" and hands back a paper with a 75 on it | 31 | |
4594233530 | 18th Amendment | Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages | 32 | |
4594234664 | 19th Amendment | Gave women the right to vote | 33 | |
4594238271 | New York Tenement House Law | Law made it illegal to build poorly lit and airless buildings, required running water and toilets | 34 | |
4594239175 | Pure Food and Drug Act | 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA. | 35 | |
4594243232 | Roosevelt corollary | Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force | 36 | |
4594246508 | Howard Taft | Broke up more trusts than TR, safety rules for miners, graduated income tax, dealed with child labor issues, raised tariffs to help industry and business | 37 | |
4594248835 | Woodrow Wilson | 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize | 38 | |
4594250873 | Federal Income Tax | Introduced by Woodrow Wilson, taxed all money that people made on a progressive scale so that the tariff could be lowered | 39 | |
4594254657 | Triple Wall of Privlege | tariff, banks and trusts | 40 | |
4594256428 | Clayton Antitrust Bill | allowed breakup of trusts; weakened by conservative opposition | 41 | |
4594261142 | Franz Ferdinand | Archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I | 42 | |
4594264100 | Eddie Rickenbacker | Famous "ace" pilot who downed 26 enemy fighters in WWI | 43 | |
4594265271 | Battle of the Marne | A major French victory against the invading German army at the start of WWI. In reality lost Germany the war. | 44 | |
4594266339 | Battle of Tannenberg | Battle between Russia and Germany, one of the first battles of WWI, August 23 - September 2, 1914; Russia badly defeated leading to revolution | 45 | |
4594267309 | Battle of the Somne | Huge stalemate for 2 years between France and Germany | 46 | |
4594270583 | World War I inventions | Airplanes, Submarines, Chemical weapons, the Distinguished service award | 47 | |
4594275117 | League of Nations | A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946. | 48 | |
4594278647 | Schlieffen Plan | Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare. | 49 | |
4594281268 | Lusitania | A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war. | 50 | |
4594283359 | Zimmerman Telegraph | Sent by Germany to Mexico that encouraged Mexico to help Germany FIght against the US if they entered war and in return Germany would help Mexico get their land back from the US.` | 51 | |
4594284709 | Alliances | Networks of these turned a small Serbian conflict into a World War | 52 | |
4594289789 | Herbert Hoover | President who started the great depression | 53 | |
4594291190 | Crime in the 1920's | Mob Bosses like Al Capone bootlegging alcohol, misfits becoming robbers | 54 | |
4594298602 | Warren Harding | 29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal | 55 | |
4594299422 | Flappers | Young women in the 1920s who challenged social traditions with their dress and behavior | 56 | |
4594301199 | Scope's Monkey Trial | 1925, the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism | 57 | |
4594302887 | Consumerism | a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers starting in the 1920's | 58 | |
4594307255 | Ku Klux Klan | A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights. | 59 | |
4594313850 | Volstead Act | Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States. | 60 | |
4594314757 | William Jennings Bryan | United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925) | 61 | |
4594320443 | Stock Market Crash | Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock. | 62 | |
4594321961 | The Dust Bowl | A series of major sandstorms that buried houses, destroyed farmland and killed livestock in the Great Plains in the 1930's | 63 | |
4594325028 | Lack of Economic diversity | Major cause of great depression because american economy was all focused on luxury items, and everyone overproduced these leading to increase in supply | 64 | |
4594330002 | John Maynard Keynes | English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946) - Demand Side economics | 65 | |
4594333111 | The New Deal | 1933-1937 Government sponsored programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to revitalize the economy and alleviate poverty and despair caused by the Depression. | 66 | |
4594333188 | Franklin Roosevelt | 1933-1945, Democrat, "forgotten man," broke two term rule, platform - prohibition, help farmers, prevent fraud, balanced budget, decrease public spending, third election - two groups: "Defend America by Aiding the Allies" and "America First" | 67 | |
4594337331 | Banking Relief Act | Bill passed during the administration of former U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in reaction to the financial conditions of the Great Depression. | 68 | |
4594339253 | Agriculture Adjustment Act | payments to farmers who agreed not to grow wheat, corn, tobacco, and other crops so farm prices went up and farmers better off | 69 | |
4594342676 | Civilian conservation Corps | A major public works program in the United States during the Great Depression. | 70 | |
4594346475 | National Industrial Recovery Act | permitted all workers to join unions of their choice, allowed workers to bargain collectively for wage increases and benefits, allowed workers to go on strike to try to force employers to meet their demands | 71 | |
4594351286 | Downsides of The New Deal | Required al ot of defeceit spending to get America out of depression; Did nothing to help African-Americans, Women, or Native Americans | 72 | |
4594360922 | Adolf Hitler | Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945). | 73 | |
4594361868 | Beer Hall Putsch | In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf. | 74 | |
4594363951 | Fascism | A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition | 75 | |
4594365409 | The Third Reich | Nazi party's official name for its regime in Germany; held power from 1933-1945 | 76 | |
4594365410 | Death Camps | camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany for the purpose of killing prisoners immediately. | 77 | |
4594367017 | Joseph Stalin | Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition | 78 | |
4594369275 | Harry Truman | 33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war. | 79 | |
4594370465 | Winston Churchill | A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. | 80 | |
4594372980 | Neutrality Act | 4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents | 81 | |
4594374163 | Pearl Harbor | (FDR) , 1941 United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II on December 7, 1941 | 82 | |
4594389906 | Atlantic Charter | 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war | 83 | |
4594390943 | Minorities in WWII | Women and minorities took over factory jobs while the men were off in war - minorities were highly persecuted and discriminated against. Some black, Asian, Mexican American people fought in segregated units. | 84 | |
4594393712 | Japanese-Americans | Put into camps that were humiliating, disgraceful, and NOT death camps. happened as result of Pearl Harbor being bombed by Japan | 85 | |
4594400406 | Battle of Stalingrad | Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. | 86 | |
4594401768 | D-Day | Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944. The turning point on the Western Front | 87 | |
4594403145 | Battle of the Bulge | December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses. | 88 | |
4594406324 | Island Hopping | A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others | 89 | |
4594410100 | The Truman Doctrine | 1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism. | 90 | |
4594411055 | Cold War | A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. | 91 | |
4594411940 | The Marshall Plan | 1947, by George Marshall, against "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" a massive aid package offered by US they gave food and economic assistance to europe to help countries rebuild | 92 | |
4594413693 | Berlin Blockade | The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift. | 93 | |
4594413694 | Yalta | 1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war | 94 | |
4594415996 | NATO | ..., North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries | 95 | |
4594417656 | The Korean War | A war between North and South Korea, it was basically a stalemate. Before the war, they were divided at the 38th parallel. North Korea invaded South, took their capital Seoul in 1950. The UN intervened to suppress the invasion, and the coalition forces were led by Douglas MacArthur. China then helped North Korea. When MacArthur publicly stated his desire to bomb Chinese bases in Manchuria, he was removed from his post because his superiors didn't want a 3rd World War. Eventually, the boundary went back to the 38th parallel, there was a demilitarized zone established, and they signed an armistice treaty | 96 | |
4594419103 | Joseph McCarthy | 1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential | 97 | |
4594420150 | Dwight Eisenhower | Eisenhower (nicknamed "Ike") later became a very popular 2 term Republican American president. He was elected because he was a WWII war hero. Ike planned the successful Operation Torch attack and was later appointed to be "Supreme Allied Commander" in Europe (he was placed in charge of all generals for all nations allied with the US). His next big plan was Operation Overlord. | 98 | |
4594423732 | House Un-American Activities Committee | A congressional committee created to search out disloyal Americans & Communists. | 99 | |
4594425963 | Bay of Pigs | In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure. | 100 | |
4594427538 | Cuban Missile Crisis | 1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba. Closest the World ever came to a nuclear war | 101 | |
4594430011 | Lyndon Johnson | 1963-1969, Democrat , signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid. | 102 | |
4594449584 | Vietnam War | A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. | 103 | |
4594450791 | Richard Nixon | 1969-1964; Republican; Ended Vietnam War; Recognized China/ Watergate scandal; First president to resign | 104 | |
4594453222 | Rapprochement | reestablishing a cordial relationship, specifically of the US and China through Nixon | 105 | |
4594455680 | Detenete | French for release in tension, was given to the name during the time when there was improved relations between US and USSR under Nixon | 106 | |
4594460049 | Jimmy Carter | (1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election. | 107 | |
4594467705 | Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman) | 108 | |
4594468923 | Reaganomics | The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth. | 109 | |
4594472096 | Iran Contra | scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected | 110 | |
4594474757 | Strategic Defense Initiative | Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's proposed construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. | 111 | |
4594488218 | The New left | social activists of the 1960s who supported the liberal ideas and opposed oppression; made up mainly of college students | 112 | |
4594491138 | Vietnam Draft | People moved out of the country and burned their draft cards to escape in an effort to protest the Vietnam War | 113 | |
4594499707 | Indian Civil Rights Act | passed by Congress in 1968, guaranteed reservation Indians many of the protections accorded other citizens by the Bill of Rights, but which also recognized the legitimacy of tribal laws within the reservations. | 114 | |
4594515935 | National Organization for Women (NOW) | called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women; championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. | 115 | |
4594521986 | Brown v Board of Education | 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. | 116 | |
4594521987 | Plessy v Ferguson | a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal | 117 | |
4594522708 | Little Rock 5 | first 5 black students in a white high school in Little Rock, Arkansas; National Guard had to be brought in to get them to school | 118 | |
4594526623 | Rosa Parks | (LBJ) , United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913) | 119 | |
4594527731 | Bus Boycott | Because Rosa Parks was arrested for sitting in the front of the bus (the "white" section), African Americans stopped riding the buses | 120 | |
4594529774 | Martin Luther King Jr. | U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964) | 121 | |
4594531230 | John Kennedy | President during Bay of Pigs, and Cuban Missile Crisis. Strong image icon. Creator of Civil Rights Act. | 122 | |
4594532918 | Lee Harvey Oswold | Shot President John F. Kennedy. They found his fingerprints on the gun in the warehouse where JFK was shot from. He was captured in a theater. The shooter was shot 2 days later. | 123 | |
4594534576 | Civil Rights Act | A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. | 124 | |
4594535667 | Voting rights Act | 1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap | 125 | |
4594537684 | 24th amendment | Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections. | 126 | |
4594539243 | Stokely Carmichael | head of the SNCC making a separatist philosophy of black power as the official objective of the organization | 127 | |
4594540184 | Black Panthers | A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest. Started with medical and food aid in Oakland and then turned to violence | 128 | |
4594544985 | The Great Society | A plan which included: the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Medicare, Medicaid, the War on Poverty, and programs offering federal aid for education. | 129 | |
4594545911 | Medicaid | A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them. | 130 | |
4594545912 | Medicare | A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older | 131 | |
4594547681 | Economic Opportunity Act | An economic legislation that created many social programs to help provide funds for youth programs antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training; part of the Great Society. | 132 | |
4594549267 | Peace Corps | Federal program established to send volunteers to help developing nations | 133 | |
4594552817 | Watergate | Break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate building in 1972 that resulted in a cover-up and the subsequent resignation of Nixon | 134 | |
4594554333 | The Warren Court | 1953-69; Supreme court under Earl Warren; activist court, makes their own laws; held view that democratic process could not be relied on to produce morally correct results; used broad interpretation | 135 | |
4594556651 | Iran Hostage Crisis | Beginning November 4, 1979; anti American Muslims stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took hostages, lasted two years | 136 | |
4594557962 | Energy Crisis | Occured when many Arab countries created embargo against U.S. for support of Isreal in Yom Kippur War, then the Iran Revolution caused U.S. to not have enough oil supplies for energy | 137 | |
4594563550 | George H.W. Bush | President from 1989-1993, president 1989-93; economic recession and US involvement in the Persian Gulf war | 138 | |
4594566927 | Gulf War | A War (1990-1991) that took place between Iraq and the U.S./Kuwait started by Iraq invading Kuwait; First non-containment based war since WWII; Often referred to as Operation Desert Storm; Primarily an aerial war (huge amounts of missiles and bombs) in the first stages, followed by an infantry march that pushed Iraqi forces back into Iraq | 139 | |
4594569829 | Bill Clinton | 42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached | 140 | |
4594572579 | Bosnian War | example of how US gets involved in war, but not on the side of the authoritarian government. An example of "military humanism", change from previous foreign intervention, as Bosnian Serbs tried to ethnically cleanse their territory by putting Muslims into concentration camps and having mass executions. | 141 | |
4594574021 | NAFTA (North American Free Trade Act) | 1994- agreement to gradually eliminate tariffs and other trade barriers among the US, Canada, and Mexico | 142 |