Prentice Hall Biology Chapter 7 Flashcards

5247998097	cell	collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life	0
5247998098	cell theory	idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells	1
5247998099	nucleus	the center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities	2
5248000046	eukaryote	organism whose cells contain nuclei	3
5248000047	prokaryote	unicellular organism lacking a nucleus	4
5248007250	organelle	specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell	5
5248007251	cytoplasm	material inside the cell membrane—not including the nucleus	6
5248007252	nuclear envelope	layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell	7
5248009118	chromatin	granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins	8
5248013541	chromosome	threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next	9
5248013542	nucleolus	small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins	10
5248015475	ribosome	small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein	11
5248017830	endoplasmic reticulum	internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified	12
5248020132	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	13
5248023880	lysosome	cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell	14
5248023881	vacuole	cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates	15
5248025382	mitochondrion	cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use	16
5248025383	chloroplast	organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy	17
5248025384	cytoskeleton	network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement	18
5248028052	centriole	one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope	19
5248031683	cell membrane	thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell	20
5248031684	cell wall	strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria	21
5248033060	lipid bilayer	double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes	22
5248033061	concentration	the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume	23
5248036595	diffusion	process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated	24
5248040099	equilibrium	when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution	25
5248040100	osmosis	diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	26
5248042155	isotonic	when the concentration of two solutions is the same	27
5248043925	hypertonic	when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes	28
5248045968	hypotonic	when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes	29
5248045969	facilitated diffusion	movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels	30
5248047790	active transport	energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference	31
5248047791	endocytosis	process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane	32
5248047792	phagocytosis	process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell	33
5248049762	pinocytosis	process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment	34
5248051245	exocytosis	process by which a cell releases large amounts of material	35
5248054949	cell specialization	the process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks	36
5248054950	tissue	group of similar cells that perform a particular function	37
5248054951	organ	group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions	38
5248056749	organ system	group of organs that work together to perform a specific function	39