Chapter 4: genetics and cellular funtion Flashcards

4967778872	DNA	-deoxyribonucleic acid -46 DNA molecules - they are polymers of nucleotides	0
4967782248	Nucleotide	consists of one deoxyribose, one phosphate group, one nitrogenous base	1
4990559311	Purines	double ring -adenine (A) -guanine (G)	2
4990561600	Pyrimidines	single ring -Cytosine (C) -thymine(T)	3
4990564750	DNA bases	ATCG (all the cat guts)	4
4990567808	DNA structure	-double helix -each side has a phosphate group and deoxyribose -connection between are nitrogen bases	5
4990588793	DNA base pairing	-united by hydrogen bonds -purine with a pyrimidine - A&T - two hydrogen bonds -C&G - three hydrogen bonds	6
4990598484	Genes	-genetic instructions for synthesis of proteins -segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein	7
4990600912	Gene	segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein	8
4990603160	Genome	all the genes a person has (25,000-35,000) -2% of total DNA -98% is noncoding DNA (no function)	9
4990620413	Chromatin	the material that makes chromosomes - in nondividing cells, chromatin is so slender is cannot be seen with light microscope	10
4990626982	Chromosomes	46 long filaments	11
4990663035	histones	disc-shaped cluster of eight proteins	12
4990670871	nucleosome	consists of core particle and linker DNA	13
4990673667	core particle	histones with DNA around them	14
4990674894	linker DNA	short segment of DNA connecting core particles	15
4990682100	sister chromatids	identical DNA	16
4990696617	Prophase	-final coiling and condensing -chromosomes copy/double -92 chromosomes -nuclear membrane disappears	17
4990704144	centromere	the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division	18
4990709304	kinetochore	protein plaques on either side of the centromere	19
4990732245	RNA	half of DNA -messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA -interprets code in DNA	20
4990739647	mRNA	carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm	21
5000891947	rRNA	protein builder of the cell	22
5000897838	tRNA	carries an amino acid to the ribosome	23
5000906406	ribose	replaces deoxyribose as the sugar	24
5000908264	uracil	replaces thymine	25
5001004766	gene	segment of DNA that codes for the production of RNA -amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by the nucleotide sequence in the DNA	26
5001011514	genome	all the DNA in on 23-chromosome set -one set of 23 chromosomes came from each parent	27
5001039544	law of complementary base pairing	we can predict the sequence of one DNA strand if we know the sequence of the other	28
5001043288	cell cycle	cell's life cycle that extends from one division group to the next	29
5001049018	mitosis	cell division	30
5001051408	functions of mitosis	-develops the individual from one egg to about 40 trillion cells -growth of all tissues and organs -replacement of cells that die -repair of damaged tissues	31
5001058249	4 phases of motosis	prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase	32
5001064668	prophase	chromosomes shorten and thicken, coiling into compact rods -nuclear envelope disintegrates and releases chromosomes into the cytosole	33
5001074431	spindle fibers	centrioles sprout elongated microtubules -push centrioles apart as they grow -pair of centrioles lie at each pole of the cell	34
5001093337	metaphase	cells are aligned on cell equator	35
5001094852	mitotic spindle	lemon-shaped array of spindle fibers	36
5001099368	long spindle fibers (microtubules)	attach to chromosomes	37
5001100993	shorter mictrotubules	anchor centrioles to plasma membrane at each end of cell	38
5001104810	anaphase	activation of an enzyme that cleaves two sister chromatids apart at centromere	39
5001109844	telophase	chromatids cluster on each side of the cell -rough ER produces new nuclear envelope around each cluster -chromatids uncoil and form chromatin -spindle breaks up and vanishes	40
5001115090	cytokinesis	division of cytoplasm into two cells	41
5001119375	heredity	transmission of genetics from parent to offspring	42
5001121290	karyotype	chart of 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size and other physical features	43
5001125509	diploid (somatic cells)	any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes	44
5001133716	haploid	contain half as many chromosomes as somatic cells	45
5001140227	fertilization	restores diploid number to the fertilized egg and the somatic cells arise from it	46
5001145550	locus	the location of a particular gene on a chromosome	47
5001146959	alleles	one of two or more forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome	48
5001160187	genotype	alleles that an individual possesses for a particular trait	49
5001162335	homozygous trait	two identical alleles for a trait	50
5001165565	heterozygous alleles	different alleles for that gene	51
5001167689	phenotype	observable trait -an allele is expressed if it shows in the phenotype	52
5001170720	sex-linked traits	carried on X and Y chromosomes. Tend to be inherited by one sex more than the other	53
5033947561	genomics	field of biology that focuses on the study of the whole genome and how its genes affect the structure and function of the organism	54
5033985886	base triplet	3 DNA nucleotides for 1 amino acid	55
5033989195	codon	3-base sequence in mRNA	56
5033992835	stop codons	UAG, UGA, UAA "end of the message"	57
5033996487	start codon	UAG - code for methionine	58