AP Psychology Cognition & Language Flashcards

6028556158	Cogntion	the process of thinking, knowing, or mentally processing information	0
6028556159	Language	words or symbols, and rules for combining them, that are used for thinking and communication	1
6028556160	Phonemes	the smallest units of sound used in language	2
6028556161	Morphemes	the smallest meaningful units in a language, such as prefixes, words, syllables, and suffixes	3
6028558866	Surface structure	the particular words and phrases used to make up a sentence	4
6028558867	Deep structure	the underlying meaning of a sentence	5
6028560482	Grammar	a set of rules for combining language units into meaningful speech or writing	6
6028560483	Semantics	the criteria for assigning meaning to the morphemes in a language	7
6028563167	Syntax	rules for ordering words when forming sentences	8
6028563168	Image	mental pictures we create in our minds of the outside world	9
6028565202	Concept	a generalized idea representing a class of related objects or events	10
6028565203	Prototype	what we think is the most typical example of a particular concept	11
6028569113	Idealized cognitive model (ICM)	our conception of events as we expect to typically find them	12
6028570585	Problem representation	the first step in solving a problem; it involves interpreting or defining a problem	13
6028572942	Trial and error	a problem solving strategy based on the successive elimination of incorrect solutions until the correct one is found	14
6028574935	Information retrieval	recovering information from storage in memory	15
6028574936	Algorithm	rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method	16
6028577196	Heuristics	a "rule of thumb"; a rule generally but not always true that can be used to make a judgement in a situation	17
6028577197	Hill climbing	a heuristic problem solving strategy in which each step moves you progressively closer to the final goal	18
6028577198	Subgoals	intermediate, more manageable goals used in one heuristic strategy to make it easier to reach the final goal	19
6028579646	Means-end analysis	combines aspects of both forward and backward reasoning in that both the condition and action portions of rules are looked at when considering which rule to apply	20
6028579647	Working backward	a heuristic strategy in which one works backwards from the desired goal to the given conditions	21
6028579658	Set	a predisposition to respond in a certain way	22
6028581973	Functional fixedness	the inability to see a new use for an object	23
6028585603	Tactic of elimination	a problem solving strategy in which possible solutions are evaluated according to appropriate criteria and discarded as they fail to contribute to a solution	24
6028585604	Visualizing	a problem solving strategy in which strategies in which principles or concepts are drawn, diagrammed, or charted so that they can be better understood	25
6028587826	Divergent thinking	thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a question	26
6028587827	Covergent thinking	thinking pointed toward one solution	27
6028590033	Brainstorming	method of creating that separates the production and evaluation of ideas	28
6028590034	Compensatory model	a rational decision-making model in which choices are systematically evaluated on various criteria	29
6028592639	Non-compensatory model	decision making model in which alternatives with less attractive attributes are eliminated	30
6028592640	Representativeness	a heuristic by which a new situation is judged on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model	31
6028594074	Availability	a heurisitic by which a judgement or decision is based on information that is most easily retrieved from memory	32
6028594075	Confirmation bias	the tendency to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidence that would disprove a belief	33
6028596815	Linguistic relativity hypothesis	the structure of a language affects the ways in which its speakers are able to conceptualize their world	34
6028596816	Figurative language	expressive or nonliteral language such as metaphor and irony	35
6028599613	Telegraphic speech	meaning is usually clear at this stage but syntax is absent	36