AP Psych: Thinking & Language Flashcards
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| 3743394081 | Cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. (pp. 298, 417) | 0 | |
| 3743394082 | Concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. (p. 298) | 1 | |
| 3743394083 | Prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). (p. 299) | 2 | |
| 3743394084 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics. (p. 300) | 3 | |
| 3743394905 | heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. (p. 300) | 4 | |
| 3743395481 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. (pp. 236, 300) | 5 | |
| 3743396123 | creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. (p. 301) | 6 | |
| 3743396124 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. (p. 303) | 7 | |
| 3743396125 | fixation | (1) the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. (2) according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. (pp. 303, 483) | 8 | |
| 3743396126 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. (p. 303) | 9 | |
| 3743396465 | functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. (p. 303) | 10 | |
| 3743396466 | representative heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. (p. 304) | 11 | |
| 3743396467 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. (p. 305) | 12 | |
| 3743397595 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. (p. 306) | 13 | |
| 3743397596 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. (p. 307) | 14 | |
| 3743397597 | intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. (p. 308) | 15 | |
| 3743398039 | framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. (p. 311) | 16 | |
| 3743398040 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. (p. 313) | 17 | |
| 3743398041 | phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. (p. 313) | 18 | |
| 3743398534 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). (p. 314) | 19 | |
| 3743398535 | grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. (p. 314) | 20 | |
| 3743398536 | semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. (p. 314) | 21 | |
| 3743400161 | syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. (p. 314) | 22 | |
| 3743400162 | babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. (p. 315) | 23 | |
| 3743400163 | one word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. (p. 316) | 24 | |
| 3743400164 | two word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. (p. 316) | 25 | |
| 3743400165 | telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs. (p. 316) | 26 | |
| 3743400632 | Linguistic Determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. (p. 319) | 27 | |
| 3743401691 | Intelligence test | a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores. (p. 524) | 28 | |
| 3743401692 | Intelligence | mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. (p. 524) | 29 | |
| 3743402121 | general intelligence (g) | a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. (p. 524) | 30 | |
| 3743402122 | factor analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score. (p. 524) | 31 | |
| 3743402724 | savant syndrome | a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. (p. 525) | 32 | |
| 3743402725 | emotional intelligence | the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. (p. 528) | 33 | |
| 3743402726 | mental age | a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8. (p. 533) | 34 | |
| 3743403379 | Stanford-Binet | the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test. (p. 534) | 35 | |
| 3743403380 | Intelligence Quotient (IQ) | defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age(ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100. (p. 534) | 36 | |
| 3743403848 | achievement test | tests designed to assess what a person has learned. (p. 535) | 37 | |
| 3743403849 | aptitude test | tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn. (p. 535) | 38 | |
| 3743404255 | Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale | the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests. (p. 535) | 39 | |
| 3743404256 | standardization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. (p. 536) | 40 | |
| 3743405639 | normal curve | (normal distribution) a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes. (pp. 40, 536) | 41 | |
| 3743405640 | reliability | the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting. (p. 538) | 42 | |
| 3743405641 | content validity | the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. (p. 538) | 43 | |
| 3743406000 | predictive validity | the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also calledcriterion-related validity.) (p. 538) | 44 | |
| 3743406001 | intellectual disability | (formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound. (p. 542) | 45 | |
| 3743406689 | Down's Syndrome | a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. (p. 542) | 46 | |
| 3743406690 | stereotype threat | a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. (p. 555) | 47 |