AP World History: Islam Flashcards

5903632036	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam	0
5903632038	Mecca	City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quaraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of cheif religious pilgrimage point in Islam	1
5903632039	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established a dynasty under this title as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750	2
5903632042	Medina	Also known as Yahtrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra)	3
5903632043	Allah	The Arab term for the high god in pre-Islamic Arabia that was adopted by the followers of Muhammad and the Islamic faith	4
5903632046	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born c.570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by fathers family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632	5
5903632047	Khadijah(555-619)	First wife of prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader	6
5903632048	Qur'an	Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam	7
5903632049	Ali(c.599-661)	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	8
5903632050	Umma	Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity	9
5903632052	Five pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj.	10
5903632053	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset	11
5903632054	Hajj	A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba	12
5903632056	Caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammad	13
5903632057	Abu Bakr	The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad's death in 632. Renown for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community	14
5903632059	Jihads	Struggles; often used for wars in defense of the faith, but also a term to indicate personal quests for religious understanding	15
5903632064	Mu'awiya(602-680)	Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	16
5903632065	Sunnis	Political and theological division with Islam; supported the Umayyads	17
5903632066	Shi'a	Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali	18
5903632068	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate	19
5903632069	Mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam	20
5903632076	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	21
5903632079	In what ways was the Islamic religion a faith that elevated the status and opportunities of women, and what were the constrains on this process? Was this true in all places to which Islam spread?	Women gained more power such as property ownership. But this was not the case in places such as Africa and Southeast Asia	22
5903632085	Crusades	Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy	23
5903632087	Ibn Khaldun(1332-1406)	A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations- strong, weak, dissolute	24
5903632092	Mongols	Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph	25
5903632119	Ibn-Rushd	Wrote the commentary of virtually all of Aristotle's works.	26
5903706683	Astrolabe	A type of map that uses the sunlight to use routes.	27
5903731708	Ibn Sina	Wrote the medical encyclopedia that was the basic medical textbook for the middle ages.	28
5903754606	Omar Khayyam	Wrote the Rubayat, which is one of the most familiar books of Middle Eastern Literature,	29