chapter 11 (human development across lifespan) Flashcards
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| 6058079078 | germinal stage | (conseption-> 2 weeks) -zygote -DNA is assembled | 0 | |
| 6058083974 | embryonic stage | (2 weeks -> 8 weeks) -embryo -organ development and cells differentiate into diff functions (eyes. ears, ect) | 1 | |
| 6058090682 | fetal stage | (9 weeks -> birth) -fetus -organs continue to grown/function more efficently -can kick, move fist | 2 | |
| 6058097531 | critical period | sensitive time period when certain development milestones need to occur (ex- prenatal = embryonic stage) | 3 | |
| 6058166909 | placenta | provides nutrients to the baby | 4 | |
| 6058169512 | teratogens | harmful substances that can cause birth defects (fetal alcohol substance) | 5 | |
| 6058175356 | cephalocaudal trend | development occurs from head-toe | 6 | |
| 6058177651 | proximodistal trend | development occurs from center outward | 7 | |
| 6058179782 | maturation | genetically pre-determined sequence of development (nature viewpoint) | 8 | |
| 6058365578 | motor development | muscle development and coordination | 9 | |
| 6058370657 | reflexes | involuntary movements (motor development, progresses) | 10 | |
| 6058375971 | rooting | type of reflex where baby turns face toward cheek being touched |  | 11 |
| 6058383066 | moro | type of reflex where baby sprawls out when they feel like they are falling |  | 12 |
| 6058387890 | babinski | a type of reflex where fanning of feet when tickled |  | 13 |
| 6058393831 | new born sense; vision | worst sense, prefer larger objects, objects with contrast and prefer human faces | 14 | |
| 6058396141 | new born sense; hearing | prefer high pitch, exaggerated noises & expressive human voices | 15 | |
| 6058397738 | new born sense; taste | prefer sweet-taste things | 16 | |
| 6058399083 | new born sense; smell | prefer smell of own mothers breast milk | 17 | |
| 6058408387 | temperament | ways of expressing needs and emotions | 18 | |
| 6058411978 | longitudinal design | investigators observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time | 19 | |
| 6058410310 | cross-sequential design | start with different age groups and then follow each group over a period of time | 20 | |
| 6058412707 | cross-sectional design | investigators compare groups of participants of differing age at single points in time. (diff age groups tested at 1 time) | 21 | |
| 6058426252 | cohort effect | occur when differences between age groups are due to groups growing up in different time periods. (generation gap) | 22 | |
| 6058434749 | attachment | refers to close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and there caregivers | 23 | |
| 6058437330 | slow-to-warm | start off wary and then adjust well when comfy | 24 | |
| 6058439475 | separation anxiety | emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment. | 25 | |
| 6058451547 | Harlows theory of attachment | biological needs are from contact comfort (monkeys spent majority of time with cloth mothers) | 26 | |
| 6058457198 | strange situation procedure | Mary ainsworth ; observes childs behavior when mom was present, when mom left, and when stranger enters and then when mom returns | 27 | |
| 6058465490 | secure attachment | mother used as secure base to venture out and explore the world. very upset when mother leaves; quickly calmed/happy by her return | 28 | |
| 6058472523 | anxious-ambivalent attachment (resistant) | appear anxious even when mom is near and protest when she leaves, not comforted by return. | 29 | |
| 6058481975 | anxious-avoidant attachment | have little contact with mom and not distressed when she leaves. | 30 | |
| 6058485722 | disorganized-disorented attachment | children appear confused weather they should approach or avoid mother (insecure children) | 31 | |
| 6058492304 | stage | a developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and capacities are established. | 32 | |
| 6058495735 | trust v mistrust (eriksons stage theory) | 1 year, can i trust the world? look up to parents exp-feeding | 33 | |
| 6058497277 | autonomy v shame(eriksons stage theory) | 1-3 years, can i do it myself? independence exp-potty training, matching clothes | 34 | |
| 6058497278 | initiative v guilt(eriksons stage theory) | 3-5 years, can i interact with the environment? exp-exploration | 35 | |
| 6058500182 | industry v inferiority (eriksons stage theory) | 5-12 years, proud of accomplishments, exp-school | 36 | |
| 6058505299 | identity v role confusion(eriksons stage theory) | adolescence (12-18) , who am i? exp- social relationships | 37 | |
| 6058506893 | intimacy v isolation(eriksons stage theory) | young adulthood (19-40) can i find a mate? exp-relationships | 38 | |
| 6058508486 | generativity v stagination(eriksons stage theory) | middle adulthood (40-65), am i making an impact on the world? exp- work and parenthood | 39 | |
| 6058511091 | integrity v despair (eriksons stage theory) | late adulthood(65-death), have i lived a good life? exp-reflection on life | 40 | |
| 6058590617 | cognitive development | refers to transitions in youngsters patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering and problem solving | 41 | |
| 6058601796 | object permanence | develops when child recognizes objects continue to exist even when no longer visible | 42 | |
| 6058611940 | conservation (pioget) | awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changed in shape/appearance. exp-pour same amount of water in 2 diff cups. | 43 | |
| 6058743923 | centration (pioget) | tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects (size + number) | 44 | |
| 6058749344 | irreversibility (pioget) | inability to envision reversing an action | 45 | |
| 6058751027 | animism | (displayed) believing inimate objects are real and have feelings | 46 | |
| 6058758907 | egocentrism | (displayed) when a child believes that others see the world as they do (they can not put themselves in someone elses shoes) | 47 | |
| 6058765637 | concrete operational period | age 7-11, developed conservation, lack egocentrism + animism, can use simple logic (add, subtract, sort) , can NOT use higher level thought/ abstract reasoing) | 48 | |
| 6058771793 | reversibility | permits child to mentally undo an action | 49 | |
| 6058773407 | decentration | allows a child to focus more on one feature of a problem. | 50 | |
| 6058775452 | formal operational period | 11+ years, can use higher level thought, can think abstractly, can use reason to hypothesize | 51 | |
| 6058779015 | schema | mental reprsentation of objects/events created by experience | 52 | |
| 6058783520 | assimilation | adding new info to an existing schema | 53 | |
| 6058784933 | accommodation | if new info does not fit, we have to modify an existing schema or create a new one | 54 | |
| 6058788133 | sensotimotor stage | birth-2 years, mental activity is confined to sensory and motor functions | 55 | |
| 6058794176 | first half of preoperational stage | 2-4 years, play pretend, imaginative, display animism and egocentism | 56 | |
| 6058798372 | second half of preoperational stage | 4-7 years, begin to use intution, ask a lot of why questions, egocentrism and animism begin to lessen. | 57 | |
| 6069736839 | kohlbergs theory | he was interested in the reasoning behind decision making | 58 | |
| 6069739259 | preconventional | gaining rewards/ avoiding punishments ex- drive the speed limit so you dont get a ticket | 59 | |
| 6069747136 | conventional | following the rules/ law; gaining others approval. ex- dont speed because its against the law. | 60 | |
| 6069754289 | postconventional | equality, justice, ethical principle, human rights ex- break into a store because a life is more important than property | 61 | |
| 6069765318 | authoritarian | parents- strict, unsympathetic, not open for discussion (my way or the highway) children- somewhat unfriendly, withdrawn, distrustful, aggressive | 62 | |
| 6069777562 | permissive | parents- lack discipline/boundries, give complete freedom, more like a friend children- dependent, somewhat immature, lack self regulation | 63 | |
| 6069792999 | authoritative | parents- use reasoning, incourage dialouge with children, increase childs responsibility over time children- more friendly,, cooperative, well-adjusted | 64 | |
| 6069805552 | empathy | ability to relate to what someone else is going through | 65 | |
| 6069808202 | sympathy | just feeling bad for someone | 66 | |
| 6069810842 | self-regulation | ability to control own emotions and behaviors | 67 | |
| 6069814798 | gender sterotypes | schema of appropriate behaviors, emotions, attitudes, occupations ect. for each gender | 68 | |
| 6069824061 | sex Vs gender | sex-genetics/biology gender- society defines gender (masculine, feminine) | 69 | |
| 6069843616 | socialization | learning appropriate behavior and norms in society | 70 | |
| 6069845773 | gender rolls | societal expectations for roles within home and work | 71 | |
| 6069848194 | puberty | biological and physical changes that occur during adolescence in preparation for reproduction | 72 | |
| 6069861289 | primary sex characteristics | necessary for reproduction | 73 | |
| 6069864368 | secondary sex characteristics | changes not necessary for reproduction | 74 | |
| 6069868963 | synaptic pruning | getting rid of inefficent/ unnecessary synaptic connections | 75 | |
| 6069873057 | prefrontal cortex | still developing (in charge of higher-level thought, decision making, planning ) | 76 | |
| 6069878443 | risk-taking | increased during adolescence due to prefrontal cortex not being fully developed | 77 | |
| 6069890059 | marcias 4 identity statuses chart |  | 78 | |
| 6069893876 | early adulthood | 20-40 years, physical and cognitive growth continues, social focus: intimacy Vs isolation (finding a mate) and establish self career | 79 | |
| 6069938352 | middle adulthood | 40-65 years, cognition is still good overall, slight physical deterioration(decline in eyesight, hearing, soreness), social focus: generativity v stagnition (making an impact on the world) | 80 | |
| 6069954381 | late adulthood | 65 years+ cognition is slower processing, fluid intellignece starts to decline, physical body continues to deteriorate and blood flow to the brain. social focus: integrity V despair (have i lived a good life?) | 81 | |
| 6069974075 | dementia | significant changes in cognitive processing. exp- memory probs due to alheimers and or parkinsons | 82 | |
| 6069979834 | longevity | females tend to live longer | 83 | |
| 6069981889 | terminal drop | sharp decline in cognitive abilities usually just before dealth. | 84 |