AP Biology - Chapter 9 Flashcards

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

5839299155	fermentation	anaerobic process that produces little ATP, includes glycolysis, and restores NAD+	0
5839299156	aerobic respiration	catabolic pathway which requires oxygen and occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria	1
5839299157	anaerobic respiration	catabolic pathway which does not require oxygen and occurs only in cytoplasm	2
5839299158	oxidation	loss of electrons from atoms of a substance	3
5839299159	reduction	addition of electrons to atoms of a substance	4
5839299160	reducing agent	electron donor in a redox reaction	5
5839299161	oxidizing agent	electron acceptor in a redox reaction	6
5839299162	NAD+	electron carrier used in cellular respiration to transfer electrons from Kreb's cycle to ETC	7
5839299163	electron transport chain (ETC)	(1) transfer of electrons from glucose via NADH/FADH2 to transmembrane proteins and subsequently using their high energy to pump protons to intermembrane space in mitochondria or thylakoid space in chloroplasts	8
5839299164	citric acid (Kreb's) cycle	(B) 2nd step of cellular respiration that breaks down AcetylCoA to 2 carbon dioxide, 1 ATP, 3NADH, and 1 FADH2 molecules in mitochondrial matrix (aerobic)	9
5839299165	glycolysis	(A) 1st step of cellular respiration that splits glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 ATPs (anaerobic, catabolic/exergonic)	10
5839299166	Pi (not π)	inorganic phosphate	11
5839299167	oxidative phosphorylation	(3) synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi at ATP synthase using energy from glucose electrons which are ultimately transferred to oxygen (final electron acceptor) using ETC in mitochondrial cristae (aerobic)	12
5839299168	substrate level phosphorylation	synthesis of ATP by transferring a phosphate group directly to ADP using an enzyme	13
5839299169	chemiosmosis	(3) movement of protons down their concentration gradient coupled to ATP synthesis	14
5839299170	proton motive force	potential energy stored in form of an electrochemical gradient generated by pumping hydrogen ions across membranes during ETC	15
5839299171	alcohol fermentation	conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and 2-carbon compound in absence of oxygen to regenerate NAD+ needed for glycolysis (in yeast)	16
5839299172	lactic acid fermentation	conversion of pyruvate to 3-carbon compound in absence of oxygen to regenerate NAD+ needed for glycolysis (in our muscles)	17
5839299173	obligate anaerobes	organisms that can only survive WITHOUT oxygen	18
5839299174	beta oxidation	metabolic pathway that breaks down fatty acids into two-carbon fragments which enter Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA	19
5839299175	redox	electron transfer reactions that occur together and in which one chemical is oxidized and the other reduced	20
5839299176	formation of acetyl CoA	metabolic link between glycolysis and aerobic respiration	21
5839299177	cellular respiration	exergonic process that includes 3 steps and releases energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose and other molecules in presence of oxygen	22
5839299178	cytochromes	iron-containing proteins that play key role in electron transport chains in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell membranes of prokaryotes	23
5839299179	ATP synthase	enzyme in mitochondrial cristae and chloroplast thylakoids that uses energy of proton gradient to add a phosphate group to ADP and so form ATP	24
5839299180	facultative anaerobes	organisms that can survive with OR without oxygen	25
5839299181	dehydrogenases	enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms	26
5839299182	isomerases/mutases	enzymes that move atoms within a molecule	27
5839299183	kinases/phosphatases	enzymes that transfer phosphate groups	28
5839299184	adolases	enzymes that cut molecules	29
5839299185	enolases	enzymes that add double bonds to molecules	30