Cell Biology Flashcards

5577970591	Theory of Endosymbiosis	Eukaryotic cells emerged when mitochondria and chloroplasts, once free-living prokaryotes, took up permanent residence inside other larger cells, about 1.5 billion years ago.	0
5577980695	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	1
5577983648	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.	2
5577985240	Nucleolus	Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes	3
5577987584	Ribosomes	Makes proteins	4
5577991880	Peroxisomes	Organelles in both plants and animals that break down peroxide, a toxic byproduct of cell respiration	5
5577994409	Nucleus	Contains DNA	6
5578001262	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.	7
5578004093	Golgi Apparatus	A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell	8
5578010590	Lysosomes	An organelle containing digestive enzymes	9
5578016159	Mitochondria	An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP	10
5578021681	Nuclear Envelope	A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell	11
5578026958	Chromatin	DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes	12
5578029448	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.	13
5578041051	Apoptosis	Programmed cell death	14
5578043412	Vacuoles	Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials	15
5578044946	Chloroplast	An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs	16
5578047502	Cytoskeleton	A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement	17
5578050395	Microtubules	A hollow rod of the protein tubulin in the cytoplasm of all eukaryote cells that make up cilia, flagella, spindle fibers, and other cytoskeletal structures of cells	18
5578055598	Microfilaments	Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell	19
5578058013	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	20
5578059652	Cell Wall	A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.	21
5578065046	Cellulose	Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.	22
5578069009	Plasma Membrane	A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells	23
5578076891	Phospholipid Bilayer	A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.	24
5578084309	Peripheral Protein	The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.	25
5578088608	Integral Protein	Integrated into the Phospholipid bilayer, they form membrane channels that regulate the passage of specific ions through the membrane.	26
5578099429	Phagocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells	27
5578100468	Pinocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.	28
5578110739	Active Transport	Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference	29
5578129393	Diffusion	Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.	30
5578130667	Facilitated Diffusion	Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels	31
5578135138	Osmosis	Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	32
5578136869	Passive Transport	Movement of substances through a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy; includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.	33
5578147523	Solvent	In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves.	34
5578216324	Solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution.	35
5578217978	Hypertonic	In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration.	36
5578230741	Hypotonic	In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a lower solute concentration.	37
5578233438	Isotonic	Having the same solute concentration as another solution.	38
5578240776	Osmotic Potential	The tendency of water to move across a permeable membrane into a solution	39
5578250080	Water Potential	The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.	40
5578257108	Turgid	swollen as from a fluid; bloated	41
5578261766	Plasmolysis	This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact.	42
5578263394	Aquaporins	A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane	43
5578265699	Endocytosis	A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.	44
5578273893	Exocytosis	A process in which a cell releases substances to the extracellular environment by fusing a vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane, separating the membrane at the point of fusion and allowing the substance to be released.	45
5578276216	Vesicle	Small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.	46
5578300054	Tight Junctions	Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid	47
5578301431	Desmosomes	Join two cells at a single point, attach directly to the cytoskeleton of each cell. Found in tissues that normally experience a lot of stress due to sliding.	48
5578311503	Gap Junctions	In animal cells, pores formed from connected membrane proteins that allow molecules to pass directly from cell to cell.	49
5578333857	Plasmodesmata	An open channel in the cell walls of plant cells allowing for connections between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells	50
5578344447	Signal Transduction Pathway	The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.	51
5578349158	Centrioles	Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only	52
5578352012	Centrosomes	Microtubule-organizing centers that help to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis	53
5578353397	Cilia	Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion	54
5578355093	Flagella	A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.	55
5578357379	Contractile Vacuoles	Specialized organelles in single-celled organisms that collect and pump excess water out of the cell.	56
5578358709	Selectively Permeable	a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot	57
5578364962	Cholesterol	A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.	58