AP World History Chapter Four Flashcards

7171155907	Buddha	Creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century B.C.E. as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became am ascetic; found enlightenment under bo tree; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things.	0
7171155908	Alexander the Great	Successor of Philip \|\|; successfully conquered Persian empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures.	1
7171155909	Himalayas	Mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics.	2
7171155910	monsoons	Seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia; during summer bring rains.	3
7171155911	Sanskirt	The sacred and classical Indian language.	4
7171155912	varnas	Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes- brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was a group of socially untouchable Dasas.	5
7171155913	untouchables	Low social caste in Hindu culture; preformed tasks that were considered polluting- street sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning.	6
7171155914	Indra	Chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior.	7
7172217103	Chandragupta Maurya	Founder of the Mauryan dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization.	8
7172217104	Mauryan	Dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following invasion by Alexander the Great.	9
7172217105	Ashoka	Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire.	10
7172217106	dharma	The caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life.	11
7172217107	Kushans	An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.	12
7172217108	Guptas	Dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E.; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian sub-continent; less centralized than Mauryan empire.	13
7172217109	Kautilya	Political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra; believed in scientific application of warfare.	14
7172217110	gurus	Originally referred to as Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas.	15
7172217111	Vishnu	The brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped.	16
7172217112	Shiva	Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change.	17
7172217113	reincarnation	The successive attachment of the soul to some animate form of according to merits earned in previous lives.	18
7172217114	nirvana	The Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility.	19
7172217115	Kamasutra	Written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking.	20
7172227826	stupas	Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.	21
7172227827	scholar-gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.	22