AP World History : Chapter 15 Flashcards

5872236311	Middle Ages	the period in western European history from the decline and fall of Rome until the 15th century	0
5872236312	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8-11 centuries	1
5872236313	Manorialism	system that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land	2
5872236314	Serfs	peasant agriculture laborers within the manorial sytem of the Middle Ages	3
5872236315	Moldboard	heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innivation of the medieval agricultural system	4
5872236316	Three-field system	system of agricultural cultivation by the 9th century in western Europe; included 1/3 in spring grains, 1/3 fallow	5
5872236317	Clovis	Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom	6
5872236318	Carolingians	royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century	7
5872236319	Charles Martel	Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating. Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe	8
5872236320	Charlemagne	Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800	9
5872236321	Holy Roman Emperors	emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Europe	10
5872236322	vassals	members of the elitewho received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty	11
5872236323	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy	12
5872236324	Magna Carta	Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represnted principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy	13
5872236325	Parliaments	bodies representing priviledged groups; institutionalized feaudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, France	14
5872236326	Three Estates	the three social groups considered most powerful in western countries: church, nobles, and urban leaders	15
5872236327	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France from 1337-1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states	16
5872236328	Urban II	called first crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims	17
5872236329	Gregory VII	Pope during the 11th century who attempted to church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture	18
5872236330	investiture	practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman emperor Henry IV	19
5872236331	Peter Abelard	author of Yes and No; univeristy scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logic contradictions within established doctrine	20
5872236332	Bernard of Clairvaux	Emphasized role of faith in preferance to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challeged Abelard and had driven from the universities	21
5872236333	Thomas Aquinas	creator one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	22
5872236334	scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	23
5872236335	Hanseatic League	an organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	24
5872236336	Guilds	sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control ; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guarenteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities	25
5872236337	Black Death	plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure	26