Unit 8 AP Biology Cell signaling Flashcards
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| 6221095788 | Short Distance Signaling | Messenger molecules are involved in local signaling that travel only short distances | 0 | |
| 6221095789 | Synaptic Signaling | A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a gap between cells, stimulating the target cell | 1 | |
| 6221095790 | Endocrine Signaling | cells secrete hormones, which travel via the circulatory system to other parts of the body, where they reach target cells | 2 | |
| 6221095791 | Reception | The target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell; involves the binding of the signaling molecule to a receptor protein | 3 | |
| 6221095792 | Transduction | A step or series of steps that converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response | 4 | |
| 6221095793 | Signal Transduction Pathway | A sequence of changes in a series of different molecules during transduction | 5 | |
| 6221095794 | Response | The transduced signal triggers a specific change in cellular activity | 6 | |
| 6221095795 | Ligand | A molecule that specifically binds to a receptor based on complementary shape and causes a change in shape of the receptor | 7 | |
| 6221095796 | Examples of Transmembrane Receptors | G protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels | 8 | |
| 6221095797 | Ligand-gated Ion Channel | A membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" for ions when the receptor assumes a certain shape | 9 | |
| 6221095798 | Testosterone | A steroid hormone that passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor within the cytoplasm and turns on specific genes that control male sex characteristics |  | 10 |
| 6221095799 | Transcription Factor | Special proteins that control which genes are turned on (transcribed into mRNA) in a particular cell at a particular time |  | 11 |
| 6221095800 | Protein Kinases | Enzymes involved in phosphorylation cascades that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins; addition of phosphates activates the protein |  | 12 |
| 6221095801 | Second Messengers | Small, nonprotein water-soluble molecules or ions involved in a signaling pathway; examples include cAMP and calcium ions |  | 13 |
| 6221095802 | cAMP | Cyclic AMP; a second messenger that is activated by adenylyl cyclase |  | 14 |
| 6221095804 | Diabetes | The ligand insulin is not produced (Type 1) or the insulin receptor does not bind to the ligand (Type 2) | 15 | |
| 6221095805 | Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter that produces an impulse in a muscle cell | 16 | |
| 6221095808 | Epinephrine | An example of a chemical messenger (ligand) that binds to a transmembrane receptor (GPCR) and signals the breakdown of glycogen into glucose | 17 | |
| 6221095809 | direct contact signaling | Direct signaling can occur by transferring signaling molecules across gap junctions or plasmodesmata between neighboring cells | 18 | |
| 6221095810 | neurotransmitter | Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. | 19 | |
| 6221095811 | glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. | 20 | |
| 6221095812 | glucagon | A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin. | 21 | |
| 6221095813 | insulin | A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues | 22 | |
| 6221095814 | amplification | The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction. | 23 |