AP Language Flashcards

7387172501	Connotation vs denotation	An idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing vs. Literal definition of a word.	0
7387172502	Pedantic vs simple	Characterized by a narrow, often ostentatious concern for book learning and formal rules vs. pure, easy, plain, basic.	1
7621780983	Monosyllabic vs polysyllabic	One syllable vs. more than one syllable.	2
7621780984	Euphonic vs cacophonic	Pleasing or agreeable to the ear vs. discordant, unpleasant sounding, jarring.	3
7621780985	Literal vs figurative	What you see vs. what you get from language, tone, symbol, etc.	4
7621780986	Active vs Passive	Subject of the sentence is performing or causing the action rather than a state of being vs. subject is the object of the action or the effect of the verb.	5
7621780987	Overstated vs understated	Exaggerated vs. expressed with restraint, lack of emphasis.	6
7621780988	Colloquial vs Formal	Informal, conversational vs. formal, proper language.	7
7621780989	Non-Standard Slang/Jargon	Not adhering to the standard, usually associated with a language variety used by uneducated speakers or socially disfavored groups.	8
7621780990	Alliteration	The recurrence of initial consonant sounds. The repetition is usually limited to two words.	9
7621780991	Onomatopoeia	The use of words which in their pronunciation suggest their meaning. "Hiss," for example, when spoken is intended to resemble to sound of steam or of a snake.	10
7621780992	Basic Order	Subject + verb + object	11
7621780993	Interrupted Order	A sentence that is interrupted by a parenthetical aside	12
7621780994	Inverted Order	Begin with a part of speech other than the subject. These inverted sentence patterns are used sometimes to delay revealing what the sentence is about and sometimes to create tension or suspense. Still other times, these patterns can be used to connect ideas between sentences more clearly.	13
7621780995	Listing Order	A sentence with multiple phrases that create a list.	14
7621780996	Cumulative Order	Begins with subject and verb and adds modifying elements at end	15
7621780997	Periodic Order	Opens with modifiers, withholds subject and verb until the end.	16
7621780998	Parallelism- Antithesis	Establishing a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often in parallel structure	17
7621780999	Parallelism-Chiasmus	A crossing parallelism, where the second part of a grammatical construction is balanced or paralleled by the first part, only in reverse order.	18
7621781000	Parallelism-Balanced	Expressing parallel or like ideas-- often compound.	19
7621781001	Declarative	A declarative sentence does exactly what its name implies: It "declares" or states something.	20
7621781002	Imperative	commands, requests, or instructs. The subject is most often you—unstated, but understood.	21
7621781003	Exclamatory	Expresses strong emotion	22
7621781004	Interrogative	"interrogates"—it asks a question.	23
7621781005	Simple	contains a least one subject and at least one predicate; it can stand alone because it expresses a complete thought.	24
7621781006	Compound	Contains two or more independent clauses	25
7621781007	Complex	Contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses	26
7621781008	Compound-Complex	Contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.	27
7621781009	Elipsis	A rhetorical figure in which one or more words are omitted.	28
7621781010	Asyndenton	The omission of a conjunction from a list. In a list of items, asyndeton gives the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account.	29
7621781011	Anadiplosis	A rhetorical trope formed by repeating the last word of one phrase, clause or sentence at or very near the beginning of the next. It can be generate in series for the sake of beauty or to give a sense of logical progression.	30
7621781012	Anaphora	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences.	31
7621781013	Epistrophe	The repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. Counterpart to anaphora.	32
7621781014	Polysyndeton	The use of a conjunction between each word, phrase, or clause, and is thus structurally the opposite of asyndeton. The rhetorical effect of polysyndeton, however, often shares with that of asyndeton a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up.	33
7621781015	Parenthetical Aside	Consists of a word, phrase, or whole sentence inserted as an aside in the middle of another sentence	34
7621781016	Colon	The punctuation mark (:) used to divide distinct but related sentence components such as clauses in which the second elaborates on the first, or to introduce a list, quotation, or speech.	35
7621781017	Semi-Colon	a punctuation mark (;) which connects two independent parts of a sentence.	36
7621781018	Dashes	A punctuation mark (—) used to indicate a sudden break in thought, to set off parenthetical material	37
7621781019	Allegory	A form of extended metaphor in which objects and persons in a narrative, either in prose or verse, are equated with meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. Many works contain allegories or are allegorical in part, but not many are entirely allegorical.	38
7621781020	Autobiography	The biography of a person written by that person.	39
7621781021	Biography	An account of a person's life as written or told by another.	40
7621781022	Chronicle	An extended account of historical events without interpretation or comment.	41
7621781023	Diary	A daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations.	42
7621781024	Essay	A short literary composition on a single subject, usually presenting the personal view of the author; analytic or interpretive.	43
7621781025	Fiction	A literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact	44
7621781026	Non-Fiction	A work that draws its information from history or fact, rather than the imagination.	45
7621781027	Parody	A literary form in which the style of an author or particular work is mocked in its style for the sake of comic effect.	46
7621781028	Prose	Writing distinguished from poetry by its greater variety of rhythm and its closer resemblance to the patterns of everyday speech.	47
7621781029	Satire	A literary work which exposes and ridicules human vices or folly. Historically perceived as tending toward didacticism, it is usually intended as a moral criticism directed against the injustice of social wrongs.	48
7621781030	Sermon	An oration by a prophet or member of the clergy.	49
7622222942	stream of consciousness	A technique that records the multifarious thoughts and feelings of a character without regard to logical or narrative sequence. The writer attempts by the stream of consciousness to reflect all the forces, external and internal, influencing the psychology of a character at a single moment.	50
7622222943	Allusion	An indirect or passing reference to some event, person, place or artistic work, the nature and relevance of which is not explained by the writer but relies on the reader's familiarity with what is thus mentioned.	51
7622222944	Ambuiguity	Something of doubtful meaning; an expression whose meaning cannot be determined from its context, may have more than one meaning	52
7622222945	Anachronism	The representation of someone as existing or something as happening in other than chronological, proper, or historical order.	53
7622222946	Aphorism	A brief statement which expresses an observation on life, usually intended as a wise observation.	54
7621780275	Monosyllabic vs polysyllabic	One syllable vs. more than one syllable.	55
7621780276	Euphonic vs cacophonic	Pleasing or agreeable to the ear vs. discordant, unpleasant sounding, jarring.	56
7621780277	Literal vs figurative	What you see vs. what you get from language, tone, symbol, etc.	57
7621780278	Active vs Passive	Subject of the sentence is performing or causing the action rather than a state of being vs. subject is the object of the action or the effect of the verb.	58
7621780279	Overstated vs understated	Exaggerated vs. expressed with restraint, lack of emphasis.	59
7621780280	Colloquial vs Formal	Informal, conversational vs. formal, proper language.	60
7621780281	Non-Standard Slang/Jargon	Not adhering to the standard, usually associated with a language variety used by uneducated speakers or socially disfavored groups.	61
7621780282	Alliteration	The recurrence of initial consonant sounds. The repetition is usually limited to two words.	62
7621780283	Onomatopoeia	The use of words which in their pronunciation suggest their meaning. "Hiss," for example, when spoken is intended to resemble to sound of steam or of a snake.	63
7621780284	Basic Order	Subject + verb + object	64
7621780285	Interrupted Order	A sentence that is interrupted by a parenthetical aside	65
7621780286	Inverted Order	Begin with a part of speech other than the subject. These inverted sentence patterns are used sometimes to delay revealing what the sentence is about and sometimes to create tension or suspense. Still other times, these patterns can be used to connect ideas between sentences more clearly.	66
7621780287	Listing Order	A sentence with multiple phrases that create a list.	67
7621780288	Cumulative Order	Begins with subject and verb and adds modifying elements at end	68
7621780289	Periodic Order	Opens with modifiers, withholds subject and verb until the end.	69
7621780290	Parallelism- Antithesis	Establishing a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often in parallel structure	70
7621780291	Parallelism-Chiasmus	A crossing parallelism, where the second part of a grammatical construction is balanced or paralleled by the first part, only in reverse order.	71
7621780292	Parallelism-Balanced	Expressing parallel or like ideas-- often compound.	72
7621780293	Declarative	A declarative sentence does exactly what its name implies: It "declares" or states something.	73
7621780294	Imperative	commands, requests, or instructs. The subject is most often you—unstated, but understood.	74
7621780295	Exclamatory	Expresses strong emotion	75
7621780296	Interrogative	"interrogates"—it asks a question.	76
7621780297	Simple	contains a least one subject and at least one predicate; it can stand alone because it expresses a complete thought.	77
7621780298	Compound	Contains two or more independent clauses	78
7621780299	Complex	Contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses	79
7621780300	Compound-Complex	Contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.	80
7621780301	Elipsis	A rhetorical figure in which one or more words are omitted.	81
7621780302	Asyndenton	The omission of a conjunction from a list. In a list of items, asyndeton gives the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account.	82
7621780303	Anadiplosis	A rhetorical trope formed by repeating the last word of one phrase, clause or sentence at or very near the beginning of the next. It can be generate in series for the sake of beauty or to give a sense of logical progression.	83
7621780304	Anaphora	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences.	84
7621780305	Epistrophe	The repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. Counterpart to anaphora.	85
7621780306	Polysyndeton	The use of a conjunction between each word, phrase, or clause, and is thus structurally the opposite of asyndeton. The rhetorical effect of polysyndeton, however, often shares with that of asyndeton a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up.	86
7621780307	Parenthetical Aside	Consists of a word, phrase, or whole sentence inserted as an aside in the middle of another sentence	87
7621780308	Colon	The punctuation mark (:) used to divide distinct but related sentence components such as clauses in which the second elaborates on the first, or to introduce a list, quotation, or speech.	88
7621780309	Semi-Colon	a punctuation mark (;) which connects two independent parts of a sentence.	89
7621780310	Dashes	A punctuation mark (—) used to indicate a sudden break in thought, to set off parenthetical material	90
7621780311	Allegory	A form of extended metaphor in which objects and persons in a narrative, either in prose or verse, are equated with meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. Many works contain allegories or are allegorical in part, but not many are entirely allegorical.	91
7621780312	Autobiography	The biography of a person written by that person.	92
7621780313	Biography	An account of a person's life as written or told by another.	93
7621780314	Chronicle	An extended account of historical events without interpretation or comment.	94
7621780315	Diary	A daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations.	95
7621780316	Essay	A short literary composition on a single subject, usually presenting the personal view of the author; analytic or interpretive.	96
7621780317	Fiction	A literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact	97
7622222947	Audience	The people the author is speaking to (listeners, readers, onlookers)	98
7622222948	Invective	Abuse (tongue-lashing, diatribe, condemnation)	99
7622222949	Juxtaposition	Placing two things side by side, usually to show contrast.	100
7622222950	Malapropism	An incorrect usage of a word, usually with comic effect.	101
7622222951	Rhetorical Question	A question posed b y the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	102
7622222952	Sensory Detail	An item used to appeal to the sense (sight, taste, touch, etc)	103
7622222953	Shift	A general term in linguistics for any slight alteration in a word's meaning, or the creation of an entirely new words by changing the use of an expression	104
7622222954	Tone	The writer's attitude toward his reader and his subject; his mood or moral view. A writer can be formal, informal, playful, ironic, and especially, optimistic or pessimistic. While both Swift and Pope are satirizing much the same subjects, there is a profound difference in their tone.	105
7622222955	Point of View	A way the events of a story are conveyed to the reader, it is the "vantage point" from which the narrative is passed from author to the reader. In the omniscient point of view, the person telling the story, or narrator, knows everything that's going on in the story. In the first-person point of view, the narrator is a character in the story. Using the pronoun "I," the narrator tells us his or her own experiences but cannot reveal with certainty any other character's private thoughts. In the limited third-person point of view, the narrator is outside the story—like an omniscient narrator—but tells the story from the vantage point of one character.	106
7622222956	Theme-Thesis	The message conveyed by a literary work	107
7622222957	Voice	The textual features, such as diction and sentence structure, that convey a writer's or speaker's persona	108
7622222958	Analogy	The comparison of two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one. While simile and analogy often overlap, the simile is generally a more artistic likening, done briefly for effect and emphasis, while analogy serves the more practical purpose of explaining a thought process or a line of reasoning or the abstract in terms of the concrete, and may therefore by more extended.	109
7622222959	Apostrophe	The direct address of a person or personified thing, either present or absent. Its most common purpose in prose is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back.	110
7622222960	Cliché	An expression so often used that its original power has been drained away.	111
7622222961	Conceit	An elaborate, usually intellectually ingenious poetic comparison or image, such as an analogy or metaphor in which, say a beloved is compared to a ship, planet, etc.	112
7622222962	Epithet	An adjective or adjective phrases appropriately qualifying a subject (noun) by naming a key or important characteristic of the subject.	113
7622222963	euphemisim	The expression of an unpleasant or embarrassing notion by a more inoffensive substitute.	114
7622222964	Hyperbole	Exaggeration used for emphasis. Hyperbole can be used to heighten effect, to catalyze recognition, or to create a humorous perception.	115
7622222965	Imagery	The collection of images within a literary work. Used to evoke atmosphere, mood, tension.	116
7622222966	Verbal irony	the contrast is between the literal meaning of what is said and what is meant.	117
7622222967	Situational irony	the result of an action is the reverse of what the actor expected.	118
7622222968	extended metaphor	A metaphor which is drawn-out beyond the usual word or phrase to extend throughout a stanza or an entire poem, usually by using multiple comparisons between the unlike objects or ideas.	119
7622222969	Menotymy	Another form of metaphor, very similar to synecdoche, in which the thing chosen for the metaphorical image is closely associated with (but not an actual part of) the subject with which it is to be compared.	120
7622222970	Oxymoron	A paradox reduced to two words, usually in an adjective-noun ("eloquent silence") or adverb-adjective ("inertly strong") relationship, and is used for effect, to emphasize contrasts, incongruities, hypocrisy, or simply the complex nature of reality.	121
7622222971	Paradox	A statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless	122
7622222972	Personification	The metaphorical representation of an animal or inanimate object as having human attributes—attributes of form, character, feelings, behavior, and so on. As the name implies, a thing or idea is treated as a person.	123
7622222973	Pun	A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words.	124
7622222974	Simile	A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by "like" or "as."	125
7622222975	synaesthesia	A condition in which one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another, as when the hearing of a sound produces the visualization of a color. A sensation felt in one part of the body as a result of stimulus applied to another, as in referred pain. The descriptions of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another.	126
7622222976	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole or the whole for a part	127
7622222977	Understatement	Expressing an idea with less emphasis or in a lesser degree than is the actual case. The opposite of hyperbole. Understatement is employed for ironic emphasis.	128
7622222978	Argument	A way of reasoning where a subject is proved correct/incorrect	129
7622222979	Ethos	A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's credibility.	130
7622222980	Pathos	The emotional appeal to an audience in an argument.	131
7622222981	Logos	Rhetorical appeals based on logic or reasoning.	132
7622222982	Claim	To make an assertion; to state as true	133
7622222983	deductive reasoning	Reasoning that utilizes elements of persuasion by asserting a claim; consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion	134
7622222984	inductive reasoning	Reasoning that begins by citing a number of specific instances or examples and then shows how collectively they constitute a general principle.	135
7622222985	Evidence	Support from a claim/assertion	136
7622222986	Warrant	An assumption that there is a connection between evidence and claim	137
7622222987	ad hominem argument	An attack on another person instead of their point of view	138
7622222988	Begging the question	The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept.	139
7622222989	Doubtful authority	The authority is not an expert, their colleagues disagree, or the reference to the authority is out of context of the situation	140
7622222990	either/or reasoning	An argument that something complex can be looked at in only two different ways	141
7622222991	false analogy	Comparing two things that are irrelevant, do not pose a valid comparison	142
7622222992	Hasty Generalization	Not enough support for the inductive reasoning used	143
7622222993	Circular Argument	This restates the argument rather than actually proving it.	144
7622222994	Slippery slope	This is a conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, through B, C,..., X, Y, Z will happen, too, basically equating A and Z. So, if we don't want Z to occur A must not be allowed to occur either.	145
7622222995	Non-sequitur	A conclusion that had no visible connection to the support for the claim	146
7622222996	Oversimplification	Reducing an idea too much so it loses the point trying to be made	147
7622222997	Expository writing	Informs, instructs or presents ideas and general truths	148
7622222998	Classification	Identifies the subject as part of a larger group with shared features	149
7622222999	Cause of Effect	Arguing from the presence/absence of the cause to the (non) existence of the result	150
7622223000	comparison	The subject is shown more clearly by point out similarities or differences	151
7622223001	Defintion	Places the subject in a group and then differentiates the subject from other sections of the group	152
7622223002	Example	Explains the subject with instances that show readers its nature or character	153
7622223003	Process Analysis	To inform readers how a sequence of actions leads to a particular result	154
7622223004	Division Analysis	To explain a conclusion about your subject by showing the subject's parts or elements	155
7622223005	Description	Depicts images verbally in space and time; arranges those images in a logical pattern	156
7622223006	Narration	Organizes the events or actions in time or relates them in space. Tells what happened, when it happened, and where it happened.	157
7622223007	Persuasion Argument	Convinces an audience by proving or refuting a point of view using induction or deduction	158
7621780318	Non-Fiction	A work that draws its information from history or fact, rather than the imagination.	159
7621780319	Parody	A literary form in which the style of an author or particular work is mocked in its style for the sake of comic effect.	160
7621780320	Prose	Writing distinguished from poetry by its greater variety of rhythm and its closer resemblance to the patterns of everyday speech.	161
7621780321	Satire	A literary work which exposes and ridicules human vices or folly. Historically perceived as tending toward didacticism, it is usually intended as a moral criticism directed against the injustice of social wrongs.	162
7621780322	Sermon	An oration by a prophet or member of the clergy.	163