AP World History Vocab Flashcards

5806637754	lateen	traingular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship	0
5806640660	Al-Mahdi	Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession	1
5806644660	Harun al-Rashid	one of the great islamic rulers of the Abbasid era	2
5806647285	Buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads	3
5806652273	Seljuk Turks	Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century	4
5806655637	Crusades	Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to fee Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Chrsitian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars ad extermination of heresy	5
5806663696	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th centry; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam	6
5806666868	Ibn Khaldun	A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations0 strong, weak, dissolute	7
5806672782	Shah-Nama	Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests	8
5806675258	Ulama	Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-islamic ideas and scientific thinking	9
5806678865	Al-Ghazali	Brilliat Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama	10
5806684347	Mongols	Central Asian nomadic peoples; smasked Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph	11
5806687789	Chinggis Khan	Born in 1170's in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world	12
5806695240	Hulegu	Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257	13
5806698189	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance	14
5806701949	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be a part of Umayyad Empire	15
5806705284	Mahmud of Ghanzi	Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern Inida; credited with sacking one of wealthieset of Hindu temples in northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control	16
5806711869	Qutb-ud-din Aibak	Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of India	17
5806716231	Bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu	18
5806721843	Mira Bai	Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women	19
5806726538	Kabir	Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	20
5806732271	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	21
5806739014	shaykhs	leaders of tribes and clanes within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children	22
5806741660	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	23
5806745392	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	24
5806749413	Quaraysh	tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century C.E.	25
5806751250	Ka'ba	revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship	26
5806755012	Medina	town northeast if Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight the Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	27
5806759611	Muhammad	prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	28
5806761783	Khadijah	the wife of Muhammad	29
5806762758	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	30
5806766548	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the developme tof the shi'ism	31
5806770530	umma	community of the faithful within Islam	32
5806771481	zakat	tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims	33
5806772473	five pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	34
5806776462	Ramadam	Islamic month of religious observation requiring fasting from dawn to sunset	35
5806779664	hajj	a muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka'ba	36
5806782052	caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	37
5806783492	Ridda Wars	wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam	38
5806789788	Jihads	Islamic holy wars	39
5806791428	Copts, Nestorians	Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims	40
5806793556	Uthman	third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali	41
5806796379	Battle of Siffin	battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali's party	42
5806799772	Mu'awiya	first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus	43
5806801173	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	44
5806803587	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	45
5806805267	Karbala	site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali	46
5806806875	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyadd caliphate	47
5806808550	mawali	non-arab converts to Islam	48
5806810100	jizya	head tax paid by all non-muslims in Islamic lands	49
5806811682	dhimmis	"the people of the book", Jews, Christians, later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	50
5806814194	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prohpet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an; form the essential writings of Islam	51
5806816359	Abbasid	dynasty that succeeded the Unayyads in 750; their capital was Baghdad	52
5806818586	Battle of the River Zab	750; Abbasid victory over the Umayyads, near the Tigris; led to Abbasid ascendancy	53
5806821696	Baghdad	Abbasid capital, close to the old Persian capital of Ctesiphon	54
5806824157	wazir	cheif administration official under the abbasids	55
5806825137	dhows	arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by arab merchants	56
5806830363	Indians	misnomer created by Columbus when referring to indigenous New World peoples; still used to describe Native Americans	57
5806854474	Toltec culture	succeeded Teotihuancan culture in central Mexico; strong militaristic ethic including human sacrifice; influenced large territory after 1000 C.E.; declined after 1200 C.E.	58
5807217940	Topiltzin	religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in the 10th century; dedicated to gof Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula	59
5807222782	Quetzalcoatl	Toltec deity; feathered serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god	60
5807224506	Tenochtitlan	founded circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texacoco; became center of Azte power	61
5807226686	Tlaloc	major god of Aztecs; associated wiht feritlity and the agricultural cycle; god of rain	62
5807230771	Huitcilopochtl	Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god	63
5807232662	Nezhualcoyotl	leading Aztec king of the 15th century	64
5807234200	chinampas	beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating island"; system of irrigated agriculture used by Aztecs	65
5807240512	pochteca	merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items	66
5807242276	calpulli	clans in Aztec society; evolved into residential groupings that distributed land and provided labor and warriors	67
5807245227	Pachacuti	Inca ruler; began the military campaigns that maked the creation of an Inca empire	68
5807247238	ayllus	households in Andean societies that recognizd some form of kinship; traced descent from a common, sometimes mythical, ancestor	69
5807251030	Twantinsuyu	Inca word for their empire; region from Columbia to Chile and eastward into Bolivia and Argentina	70
5807253481	Split inheritence	Inca practice of ruler descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remianed in hands of male descendants for support of dead Inca's mummy	71
5807258984	Temple of the Sun	Inca religious center at Cuzco; center of state religious; held mummies of past Incas	72
5807261364	tambos	way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies; relay points for system runners used to carry messages	73
5807263915	mita	labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an esential aspect of Inca imperial control	74
5807269347	Inca socialism	an interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca empure as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole	75
5807273288	yanas	a class of people within Inca society removed from theur ayllus to serve permenantly as servants, artisans, or workers for the Inca or the Inca nobility	76
5807277641	quipu	system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place os a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records	77
5807286414	Chang'an	capital of Tnag dynasty; population of 2 million larger than ant contemporary world city	78
5807287996	Ministry of Public Rites	administered the examinations for state office during the Tang dynasty	79
5807289965	jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	80
5807291881	pure land Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism, popular among masses of Chinese society	81
5807294782	Chan Buddhism	called Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular among the elite	82
5807298360	Zen Buddhism	called Chan in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular among the elite	83
5807299130	Empress Wu	Tang ruler; supported Suddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created	84
5807303071	Wuzing	Tang emperor; persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	85
5807308919	Xuanzong	leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755, although he encouraged overexpansion	86
5807311468	Yang Guifei	royal concubine of Tang emperor Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into administration led to revolt	87
5807314500	Zhao Kuangyin	general who founded Song dynasty; to royal name of Taizu	88
5807317780	Liao dynasty	founded in 907 by nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; maintained independence from Song dynasty in China	89
5807321121	Khitans	founded Liao dynasty of Manchuria in 907; remained a threat to Song; very much influenced by Chinese culture	90
5807324152	Zhu Xi	most prominent Neo-Confucian scholar during the Song synasty; stressed importance of applying phisolophical principles to everyday life	91
5807327560	Neo-Confucians	revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song-era Chine; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to goreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrates less receptive to outside ideas and influences	92
5807332328	Tangut	rulers of Xi Xia kingdom of northwest China; one of regional kingdoms during period of southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226	93
5807335326	Xi Xia	kingdom of Tangut people, north of Song kingdom, in mid 11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry	94
5807340315	Wang Anshi	Confucian scholar ad cheif minister of a Song ruler in 1070's; introduced sweeping reforms based on legalism; advocated greater state intervention in society	95
5807343925	Jurchens	founders of Jin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee south	96
5807346671	Jin	Kingdom north of the Song empire; established by Jurchens in 1115 after overthrowing Liao dynasty; ended 1234	97
5807348915	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty; presidedover one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history	98
5807351375	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtz basin	99
5807353918	junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force on Asian seas east of the Malayan penninsula	100
5807358317	flying monkey	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouvhers ti merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; and early form of currency	101
5807361712	footbinding	male-imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household	102
5807365475	Li Bo	most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with phisolophical musings	103
5807371908	Taika reforms	attempt to remake the Japanese monarch into an absoluteist Chinese-style emporer; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	104
5807376584	Tale of Genji	Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society	105
5807378916	Fujiwara	mid-9th century Japanese aristicratic family; excercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	106
5807382914	Bushi	Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	107
5807386884	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	108
5807388571	Seppuku	Ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a mans to restore family honor	109
5808691041	Tiara	Powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempi Wars	110
5808691651	Minamoto	Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempi Wars and established military government (bafuku) in 12th century Japan	111
5808692583	Gumpei Wars	Waged for five years from 1180 on Honshu between the Tiara and Minamoto families; ended in destruction of the Tiara	112
5808693322	Bafuku	Military government established by the Minamoto after the Gumpei Wars; centered at Kamakura; remained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	113
5808695204	Shoguns	Military leaders of the bafuku	114
5808695653	Hojo	A warrior family closely allied with the Minamoto; dominated the Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers; ruled in name of emperor	115
5808697206	Ashikaga Takuaji	Member of Minamoto family; overthrew Kamakura regime and established Ashikaga Shogunate; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino	116
5808698848	Ashikaga Shogunate	Replaced the Kamakura regime in Japan; ruled from 1336 to 1573; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority	117
5808700162	Daimyo	Warlord rulers of small states following Onin War and disruption of Askikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded ministates	118
5808702525	Choson	Earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by the Han in 109 B.C.E.	119
5808703349	Koguryo	Tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the penninsula; adopted cultural Sinification	120
5808705274	Sinification	Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	121
5808706016	Silla	Korean kingdom in the Southest; beccame a vassal of the Tang and paid tribute; ruled Korea from 668	122
5808708311	Paekche	Independent Korean kingdom in Southwestern part of penninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in the 7th century	123
5808712254	Yi	Korean dynasty; succeeded Koryoo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	124
5808717587	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by Northern government at Hanoi	125
5808718272	Trung sisters	Leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 C.E..; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	126
5808719132	Nguyen	Southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	127
5808722178	Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile	Moarchs of Chrsitian kingdom; their marriage created the future Spain; initiated exploration of the New World	128
5808723002	Carribean	Forst area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; ecomienda system of colonial management initiated here	129
5808724441	Hispaniola	First island in the Carribean settled by Spaniards; settled by Columbus on his second voyage	130
5808725132	Ecomiendero	Grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relation based on economic dominance	131
5808726829	Bartolome de las Casas	Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights	132
5808727841	Hernan Cortes	Led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Axtec Empire and established Spanish colonial rule	133
5808729269	Moctezuma II	Last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortes conquest	134
5808729963	Mexico City	Capital of New Spain, built on ruins of Tenochtitlan	135
5808730560	New Spain	Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system	136
5808731694	Francisco Vasquez de Coronado	Led Spanish expedition into the southwestern United States in search of gold	137
5811345219	Pedro de Valdivia	Spanish conqueror of Araucanian Indians of Chile; established city of Santiago in 1541	138
5811349638	Mita	Forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and ecomienda workers; unsed to mobilize labor for mines and other projects	139
5811354212	Colombian Exchange	Biological and ecological exchange that occured after European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between the Old and New Worlds	140
5811360675	Potosi	Largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia	141
5811362492	Huancavelica	Greatest mercury deposit in South America; used in American silver production	142
5811364900	Haciendas	Rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers on America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy	143
5811371451	Consulado	Merahant guild of Seville with a virtual monoploy over goods shipped to Spanish America; handled much of the silver shipped in return	144
5811577380	Galleons	Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation of bullion	145
5811583760	Treaty of Tordesillas	Concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain	146
5811590312	Letrados	University-trained lawyers from Spain; basic personnel of the Spanish colonial bureaucratic system	147
5811595218	Recopilacion	Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish New World possessions; bases of law in the Indies	148
5811599397	Council of the Indies	Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised the king onall issues dealing with the New World colonies	149
5811604193	Viceroyalities	Major divisions of Snapish New Wrold colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one was based in Lima, the other in Mexico City	150
5811607342	Viceroys	Senior government officials in Spanish America; ruled as direct representative of the ling over the principal administrative units or viceroyalities; usually high-ranking Spanish nobles with previous military or government experience. The Portugese also used voceroys who resided in Goa for their possessions in the Indian Ocean, and then after the mid-17th century for their colony in Brazil	151
5813203430	Audiencia	Royal courts of appeals established in Spanish New World colonies; staffed by professional magistrates who made and applied laws	152
5813206053	Sor Juana de la Cruz	17th century author, poet, and musician of New Spain; gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual manners	153
5813210153	Pedro Alvares Cabral	Portugese leader of an expedition to India; landed in Brazil in 1500	154
5813211550	Captaincies	Areas along the Brazilian coast granted to Portugese nobles for colonial development	155
5813213924	Paulistas	Backwoodsmen for Sao Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century	156
5813217155	Minas Gerais	Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed	157
5813219225	Rio de Janeiro	Brazilian port used for minas of Minas Gerais; became capital in 1763	158
5813223497	Sociedad de castas	Spanish-American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed racce in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom	159
5813227171	Peninsulares	Spanish-born residents of the New World	160
5813228572	Creoles	People of European ancestory born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares	161
5813233908	Amigos del pais	Clubs and associations dedicated to reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvement rather than political reforms	162
5813238587	War of the Spanish Succession	Caused by the succession of the Bourbon family to the Spanish thron in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons territorial loss, and grants commerical rights to English and French	163
5813244793	Charles III	Spanish enlightened monarch; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire	164
5813248271	Jose de Galvez	Spanish Minister of the Indies and cheif architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from the upper colonial bureaucracy; created intendants for local government	165
5813253152	Marquis of pombal	Prime Minister of Portugal; strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy	166
5813259749	Comunero Revolt	A popular revolt against Spanish rule in New Granada in 1781; suppressed due to government concessions and divisions among rebels	167
5813272178	Tupac Amaru II	Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution	168