AP World History Chapter 17 Flashcards

5917240750	Absolute monarchy	Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies.	0
5917240751	Adam Smith	(Scottish economist) in The Wealth of Nations, he created the concept of laissez-faire ( government should leave economy alone) & applied natural law to means of production & exchange (supply & demand); saw mercantilism as government interference in economy or free trade; believed that enlightened self-interest would create the best production & exchange for market conditions; government should only have 3 roles: protect society from invasion (army); defend citizens from injustice (police); & keep up public works (roads, canals, bridges) that private individuals could not afford to provide but that society needed	1
5917240752	Anglican	relating to the Church of England	2
5917240753	Jean Calvin	French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America	3
5917240754	Catholic Reformation	a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation	4
5917240755	Copernicus	1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.	5
5917240756	Deism	A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.	6
5917240757	Edict of Nantes	1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after lengthy civil wars between Catholics and Protestants.	7
5917240758	Enlightenment	A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.	8
5917240759	Frederick the Great	This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler	9
5917240760	Galileo	He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies.	10
5917240761	Glorious Revolution	Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious.	11
5917240762	Humanism	A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements	12
5917240763	Isaac Newton	English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.	13
5917240764	Jesuits	Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.	14
5917240765	Johann Gutenberg	Invented the printing press	15
5917240766	Machiavelli	Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."	16
5917240767	Mary Wollstonecraft	British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."	17
5917240768	Martin Luther	95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.	18
5917240769	Northern Renaissance	An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations Germany, Flanders, France, and England; it took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance	19
5917240770	Protestantism	a major group broadly defined as Christianity, which originated from the Reformation and protested and separated from the Roman Catholic Church	20
5917240771	Proletariat	Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production	21
5917240772	Rene Descartes	Deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures	22
5917240773	Scientific Revolution	A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.	23
5917240774	Thirty Years' War	Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.	24
5917240775	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended Thirty Years; War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.	25
5917240776	William Harvey	English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood	26
5917240777	Witchcraft Persecution	Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth, resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650, particularly common in Protestant areas	27