AP World History (5) Flashcards

6532126326	Alexander the Great	successor of Philip II; successfully conquered the Persian empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures.	0
6532126327	Himalayas	mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent.	1
6532126328	monsoons	seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer bring rains.	2
6532126329	Sanskrit	the classical and sacred Indian language.	3
6532126330	Varnas	clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes—brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas.	4
6532126331	Indra	chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior.	5
6532126332	Chandragupta Maurya	founder of the Mauryan dynasty, the first empire in the Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization.	6
6532126333	Mauryan	dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following the invasion of Alexander the Great.	7
6532126334	Ashoka	grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhismand sponsored its spread throughout his empire.	8
6532126335	dharma	the caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform their occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life.	9
6532126336	Guptas	dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E., which included all but southern Indian regions; less centralized than Mauryan Empire.	10
6532126337	Kautilya	political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; wrote political treatise.	11
6532126338	gurus	originally referred to as brahmans, who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas.	12
6532126339	Vishnu	the brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped.	13
6532126340	Shiva	Hindu god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change.	14
6532126341	reincarnation	the successive rebirth of the soul according to merits earned in previous lives.	15
6532126342	nirvana	the Buddhist state of enlightenment; a state of tranquility.	16
6532126343	Kamasutra	written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking.	17
6532126344	stupas	stone shrines built to house relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.	18
6532126345	scholar-gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.	19
6532126346	lateen	triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms or yard arms; which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship.	20
6532126347	al-Mahdi	third Abbasid caliph (775-785); failed to reconcile Shi'a moderates to his dynasty and to resolve the succession problem.	21
6532126348	Harun al-Rashid	most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights.	22
6532126349	Buyids	Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad; and as sultans, throughAbbasid figureheads.	23
6532126350	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th centuryin the name of the Abbasids.	24