AP Language Chapter 3 Flashcards

7587034733	ad hominem	Latin for "the man", fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker	0
7587038583	ad populum (bandwagon appeal)	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do"	1
7587038584	appeal to false authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as authority	2
7587041694	argument	A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion	3
7587044573	backing	Consists of further assurances or data without which the data lacks authority	4
7587047807	begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt	5
7587047808	circular reasoning	A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence	6
7587050920	claim	Also called an assertion or a proposition, a claim states the arguments main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable	7
7587274906	claim of fact	Asserts that something is true or not true	8
7587280901	claim of policy	Proposes a change	9
7587282735	claim of value	Argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong	10
7587293187	classical oration	Five part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians: Introduction- Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion Narration- Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing Confirmation- Usually the major part of the text, includes the proof needed to make the writer's case Refutation- Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion Conclusion- Brings the essay to a satisfying close	11
7587334236	closed thesis	A statement of the main idea of an argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make	12
7587343729	deduction	A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle pr universal truth and applies it to a specific case	13
7587351858	false dilemma	A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices	14
7587366328	faulty analogy	A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable	15
7587372495	first-hand evidence	Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it is from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events	16
7587384747	hasty generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence	17
7587394356	induction	From the Latin indecere "to lead into"; a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is called generalization	18
7587411962	logical fallacy	Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument	19
7587416868	open thesis	One that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay	20
7587426189	post hoc ergo propter hoc	Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect because it happened earlier	21
7587433310	qualifier	Uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute	22
7587443283	quantitative evidence	Includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers	23
7587449735	rebuttal	Gives voice to possible objections	24
7587453506	reservation	Explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier	25
7587461300	rogerian arguments	Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating	26
7587481625	second-hand evidence	evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation	27
7587488157	straw man	A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea	28
7587501045	syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion	29
7587508085	toulmin model	An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book "The Uses of Argument"	30
7587522720	warrant	Expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience	31