AP Language & Composition | The Language of Composition | Chapter Three - "Analyzing Argument" Flashcards
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| 3869910942 | Ad Hominem ("To the man") | A fallacy referring to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand, to the character of opposition | 0 | |
| 3869910943 | Ad Populum (Bandwagon Appeal) | A fallacy that occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do" (conformity) | 1 | |
| 3869910944 | Appeal to False Authority | A fallacy that occurs when the opinion of someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as evidence | 2 | |
| 3869910945 | Argument | A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion | 3 | |
| 3869910946 | Backing [Toulmin Model] | Consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority | 4 | |
| 3869910947 | Begging the Question | A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt | 5 | |
| 3869910948 | Circular Reasoning | A fallacy in which a writer repeats his or her claim as a way to provide evidence | 6 | |
| 3869910949 | Claim | Stating of the argument's main idea or position; also referred to as an assertion or proposition | 7 | |
| 3869910950 | Claim of Fact | The assertion that something is true or not true | 8 | |
| 3869910951 | Claim of Policy | The proposition of a change | 9 | |
| 3869910952 | Claim of Value | The argument that something is good or bad/right or wrong | 10 | |
| 3869910953 | The Classical Oration | The five part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians (introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, and conclusion) | 11 | |
| 3869910954 | Introduction (Exordium) | Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion | 12 | |
| 3869910955 | Narration (Narratio) | Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand, or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing | 13 | |
| 3869910956 | Confirmation (Confirmatio) | (usually) The major part of the text, includes the proof needed to make the writer's case | 14 | |
| 3869910957 | Refutation (Refutatio) | Addressing of the counterargument; a bridge between proof and conclusion | 15 | |
| 3869910958 | Conclusion (Peroratio) | The act of bringing the essay "to a satisfying close" | 16 | |
| 3869910959 | Closed Thesis | A statement of the main idea of the argument, of which also previews the major points a writer intends to make | 17 | |
| 3869910960 | Deduction | A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (major premise), and applying it to a specific case (minor premise); usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism | 18 | |
| 3869910961 | Either/Or (False Dilemma) | A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices | 19 | |
| 3869910962 | Faulty Analogy | A fallacy that occurs when comparing two things that are not adequately comparable | 20 | |
| 3869910963 | First-Hand Evidence | Based on something that the writer knows, whether it be from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events | 21 | |
| 3869910964 | Hasty Generalization | A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence | 22 | |
| 3869910965 | Induction | A logical process by which a writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, also referred to as a generalization | 23 | |
| 3869910966 | Logical Fallacy | Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument, often arising from a failure to create a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it | 24 | |
| 3869910967 | Open Thesis | Where all points the writer intends to cover in an essay are not listed | 25 | |
| 3869910968 | Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc ("After which, therefore because of which") | A fallacy, meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened at an earlier time | 26 | |
| 3869910969 | Qualifier [Toulmin Model] | Utilizes words such as "usually," "probably," "maybe," "in most cases," and "most likely," to temper the claim, making it less absolute | 27 | |
| 3869910970 | Quantitative Evidence | Includes things that are measurable, citable, countable, or otherwise representative in numbers—includes surveys, polls, census information, etc. | 28 | |
| 3869910971 | Rebuttal [Toulmin Model] | The giving of voice to possible objections of a claim or argument | 29 | |
| 3869910972 | Reservation [Toulmin Model] | The explanation of the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier | 30 | |
| 3869910973 | Rogerian Arguments | argument based upon the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively, and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating - seeks common ground and leaves room for negotiation | 31 | |
| 3869910974 | Second-Hand Evidence | Accessed via research, reading, and investigation; includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data | 32 | |
| 3869910975 | Straw Man | A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor, or oversimplified, example in order to ridicule and refute a particular idea | 33 | |
| 3869910976 | Syllogism | A logical structure that utilizes the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion | 34 | |
| 3869910977 | Toulmin Model | An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments, following a format of the following: Because {evidence as support}, therefore {claim}, since {warrant or assumption}, on account of {backing}, unless {reservation}. | 35 |