AP World History Chapter 25 vocabulary Flashcards

3721544110	Toussaint L'Overture	Leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804	0
3721544111	Father Miguel de Hidalgo	Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed	1
3721544112	Augustin de Iturbide	Conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who joined the independence movement; made emperor in 1821	2
3721544113	Simon Bolivar	Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia	3
3721544114	Gran Columbia	Existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate independent nations	4
3721544115	Jose de San Martin	Leader of movements in Rio de la Plata that led to the independence of the United Republic of Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movements in Chile and Peru	5
3721544116	Joao VI	Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820; Rio de Janeiro became the real capital of the Portuguese empire	6
3721544117	Pedro I	Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor	7
3721544118	Andres Santa Cruz	Mestizo general who established a union between independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839	8
3721544119	Caudillos	Leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government	9
3721544120	Centralists	Latin American politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by conservative politicians	10
3721544121	Federalists	Latin American politicians who favored regional governments rather than centralized administrations; often supported by liberal politicians	11
3721544122	Juan Manuel de Rosas	Federalist leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy	12
3721544123	Antonia de Santa Anna	Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835	13
3721544124	Monroe Doctrine	United States declaration of 1823, which stated that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act	14
3721544125	Positivism	A philosophy based on the ideas of Auguste Comte; stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society	15
3721544126	Auguste Comte	19th-century French philosopher; founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society	16
3721544127	Manifest Destiny	Belief that the United States was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific	17
3721544128	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo	Treaty between the United States and Mexico; Mexico lost one-half of national territory	18
3721544129	Mexican-American War	Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces and loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States	19
3721544130	Benito Juarez	Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French, who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867 to 1872	20
3721544131	La Reforma	Name of Juárez's liberal revolution	21
3721544132	Maximillian von Habsburg	Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867	22
3721544133	Argentine Republic	Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists	23
3721544134	Domingo Sarmiento	Liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade and launched reforms in education and transportation	24
3721544135	Fazendas	Coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery	25
3721544136	Spanish-American War	Fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; resulted in annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines; permitted American intervention in the Caribbean	26
3721544137	Panama Canal	The United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panamanian isthmus	27
3721546369	guano	bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery	28
3721569735	Cientificos	advisors of government of Porfirio Diaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted Mexican Government to project image of modernization	29