AP thinking & language vocab Flashcards

5565804393	Congnition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	0
5565804394	Concepts	Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
5565804395	Prototypes	Mental image or best example of a category	2
5565804396	Algorithm	A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.	3
5565804397	Heuristics	Simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently	4
5565804398	Insight	Sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	5
5565804399	Confirmation bias	Tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions	6
5565804400	Fixation	Inability to see a problem from a new perspective	7
5565804401	Mental set	Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem	8
5565804402	Functional fixedness	Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions	9
5565804403	Representativeness heuristic	Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes	10
5565804404	Availability heuristic	Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory	11
5565804405	Overconfidence	Tendency to become more confident than correct To overestimate the accuracy of ones belief and judgements	12
5565804406	Framing	The way an issue is posed	13
5565804407	Belief bias	Tendency for ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid	14
5565804408	Belief preserverence	Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	15
5565804409	Artificial intelligence	The science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language	16
5565804410	Computer neural networks	Computer circuits that mimic the brains interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells	17
5565804411	Language	Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	18
5565804412	Phonemes	The smallest distinctive sound unit	19
5565804413	Morphemes	In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning	20
5565804414	Grammar	A system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	21
5565804415	Semantics	Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language.	22
5565804416	Syntax	Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language	23
5565804417	Babbling stage	Beginning at 3-4 months the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	24
5565804418	One-word stage	The star in speech development from about age one to two during which a child speeds mostly in single words	25
5565804419	Two-word stage	At age two, stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements	26
5565804420	Telegraphic speech	Early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegrams	27
5565804421	Linguistic determination	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	28
5565804422	Noam Chomsky	founders of the field of cognitive science.	29
5565804423	Chomsky theory of language	We are all born with an innate knowledge of grammar that serves as the basis for all language acquisition. In other words, for humans, language is a basic instinct.	30
5565804424	Benjamin whorf	known as an advocate for the idea that differences between the structures of different languages shape how their speakers perceive and conceptualize the world.	31
5565804425	Whorfian hypothesis	states that the way people think is strongly affected by their native languages.	32