AP Statistics Flashcards
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| 5828957635 | 5 number summary | The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum value for a data set. These five values give a summary of the shape of the distribution and are used to make box plots. The five numbers that help describe the center, spread and shape of data | 0 | |
| 5828957636 | z score | a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm (average or mean) -Number of standard deviations a score is above or below the mean (positive above, negative below | 1 | |
| 5828957637 | standard deviation | A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean. A measure of spread. Specifically, the typical distance the data points are from the mean. | 2 | |
| 5828957638 | population | (statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn What the sample in an experiment or study usually reperesents | 3 | |
| 5828957639 | categorical data | Data that can be placed into categories . For example "gender" is a categorical data and the categories are "male" and "female". | 4 | |
| 5828957640 | quantitative data | Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association. numerical information describing how much, how little, how big, how tall, how fast, etc. age is quantitative | 5 | |
| 5828957641 | bar graph | a type of graph in which the lengths of bars are used to represent and compare data in categories A graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to represent data. | 6 | |
| 5828957642 | parameter | a number that describes some characteristics of the population, represented by p ex. mean, standard deviation | 7 | |
| 5828957643 | sample | A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole. | 8 | |
| 5828957644 | random assignment | Assignment of participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. | 9 | |
| 5828957645 | bias (experimental design) | Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population | 10 | |
| 5829010677 | bias (sampling distributions) | sample values do not center on the population (inaccurate) | 11 | |
| 5828957646 | Undercoverage | A sampling scheme that biases the sample in a way that gives a part of the population less representation than it has in the population. | 12 | |
| 5828957647 | nonresponse | bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond | 13 | |
| 5828957648 | voluntary response bias | Bias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample. | 14 | |
| 5828957649 | statistics | Application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data | 15 | |
| 5828957650 | independent variable | a variable whose values are not dependent on changes in the values of other variables (x variable) | 16 | |
| 5828957651 | historgram | graphical representation of a frequency distribution using vertical bars; bars touch each other to indicate variables are related | 17 | |
| 5828957652 | box plot | a graphic representation of the Five Number Summary in which a rectangle is used to represent the middle 50% of a set of data and "whiskers" at both ends of the rectangle to represent the remainder of the data. | 18 | |
| 5828957653 | scatterplot | A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation | 19 | |
| 5828957654 | correlation | A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1 | 20 | |
| 5828957655 | skewness | The extent to which cases are clustered more at one or the other end of the distribution of a quantitative variable rather than in a symmetric pattern around its center | 21 | |
| 5828957656 | varience | Square root of the standard deviation | 22 | |
| 5828957657 | statistical significance | A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance/The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low |  | 23 |
| 5828957658 | P-value | A measure of statistical significance. The lower, the more likely the results of an experiment did not occur simply chance. |  | 24 |
| 5828957659 | empirical rule | The rules gives the approximate % of observations w/in 1 standard deviation (68%), 2 standard deviations (95%) and 3 standard deviations (99.7%) of the mean when the histogram is well approx. by a normal curve |  | 25 |
| 5828957660 | lurking variable | A variable that has an important effect on the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied |  | 26 |
| 5828957661 | null hypothesis | Hypothesis that predicts NO relationship between variables. The aim of research is to reject this hypothesis |  | 27 |
| 5828957663 | quota sample | A sample deliberately constructed to reflect several of the major characteristics of a given population | 28 | |
| 5828957664 | probability | A number with a value from 0 to 1 that describes the likelihood that an event will occur. |  | 29 |
| 5828957666 | mean | A measure of center in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing by the number of values in the list. | 30 | |
| 5828957667 | median | A measure of center in a set of numerical data. In a list of values, it is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values. | 31 | |
| 5828957668 | mode | Measure of central tendency that uses most frequently occurring score. | 32 | |
| 5828957669 | range | Difference between highest and lowest scores in a set of data. | 33 | |
| 5828957670 | data | Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis |  | 34 |
| 5828957671 | Q1 | A location measure of the data such that has one fourth or 25% of the data is smaller than it. Found by dividing the ordered data set in half (excluding the middle observation if n is odd) and finding the median of the lower half of the data. | 35 | |
| 5828957672 | Q3 | For a set of data, a number for which 75% of the data is less than that number. It is the same as the median of the part of the data which is greater than the median. | 36 | |
| 5828957673 | minimum | the smallest value in a data set | 37 | |
| 5828957674 | outlier | A value much greater or much less than the others in a data set |  | 38 |
| 5828957677 | simple random sample | A sample selected in such a way that every element in the population or sampling frame has an equal probability of being chosen. |  | 39 |
| 5828957678 | sampling distribution | A distribution of statistics obtained by selecting all the possible samples of a specific size from a population | 40 | |
| 5828957679 | stratified random sample | A method of sampling that involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and taking a simple random sample in each subgroup. |  | 41 |
| 5828957680 | systematic sample | A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame |  | 42 |
| 5828957681 | cluster sample | Is obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals. | 43 | |
| 5828957682 | 10% rule | a sample must be less than 10% of the whole population | 44 | |
| 5828957683 | Interpolation | The estimation of an unknown number between known numbers. | 45 | |
| 5828957684 | Qualitative | Data in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements. | 46 | |
| 5828957687 | block design | The subjects in an experiment are first divided into groups based on some common characteristic (such as gender) that may have an effect on the response. Randomization of treatments then happens within each group. (each group is it's own experimental group) | 47 | |
| 5828957689 | double blind | An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the people who work with them know which treatment each subject is receiving | 48 | |
| 5828957690 | placebo | A fake treatment. | 49 | |
| 5828957691 | least squares regression line | the line with the smallest sum of squared residuals |  | 50 |
| 5828957695 | matched pairs | an observational technique that involves matching each participant in the experimental group with a specific participant in the control group in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable |  | 51 |
| 5828957696 | conditional prabability | probability given that something else has already occurred | 52 | |
| 5828957697 | sample space | Set of all possible outcomes of an experiment |  | 53 |
| 5828957698 | confounding variable | A variable whose effect on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of the explanatory variable on the response variable. | 54 | |
| 5828957699 | marginal frequency | totals in a row or column in a set of data | 55 | |
| 5828957700 | coefficient of determination | The statistic or number determined by squaring the correlation coefficient. Represents the amount of variance accounted for by that correlation. | 56 | |
| 5828957701 | binomial | a statistical experiment that has the following properties: The experiment consists of n repeated trials. Each trial can result in just two possible outcomes. We call one of these outcomes a success and the other, a failure. The probability of success, denoted by p, is the same on every trial. |  | 57 |
| 5828957704 | experiment | A kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the independent variable. Testing the hypothesis | 58 | |
| 5828957705 | law of large numbers | law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on average) have the population statistics | 59 | |
| 5828957706 | extrapolation | calculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values (inadvisable) | 60 | |
| 5828957708 | IQR | Difference between Q3 and Q1, measure variability | 61 | |
| 5828957711 | Residual | the difference between the observed value of the dependent variable (y) and the predicted value (ลท) | 62 | |
| 5828957712 | Convenience sample | sample taken from a very convenient area instead of representing a population | 63 | |
| 5828957713 | simulation | A representation of a situation or problem with a similar but simpler model or a more easily manipulated model in order to determine experimental results. | 64 | |
| 5828957715 | two way table | A table containing counts for two categorical variables | 65 | |
| 5828957716 | spread | The visible variation in a sample distribution; standard deviation or range | 66 | |
| 5828957717 | center | mean, median, or mode | 67 | |
| 5828957718 | shape | the pattern or appearance of a graphed distribution | 68 | |
| 5828957719 | discrete random variable | a variable which can only take a countable number of value and the sum of whose probability is 1 | 69 | |
| 5828957722 | mutually exclusive | outcomes that cannot occur at the same time | 70 | |
| 5828957723 | wording bias | Whenever a bias is created in a sample by the way the survey is worded to favor one question | 71 | |
| 5828957724 | causation | A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable. | 72 | |
| 5828957728 | frequency table | A grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive classes showing the number of observations in each class. |  | 73 |
| 5828957729 | area principle | the area occupied by a part of the graph should correspond to the magnitude of the value it represents | 74 | |
| 5828957732 | stem and leaf display | A multiple column table depicting the individual digits of the scores. |  | 75 |
| 5828957733 | multimodal | Describes a graph of quantitative data with more than two clear peaks |  | 76 |
| 5828957734 | uniform | A histogram which doesn't appear to have any mode and in which all the bars are approximately the same height |  | 77 |
| 5828957735 | symetric | When in a normal distribution both sides are identical |  | 78 |
| 5828957737 | s (of) e | standard deviation of residuals | 79 | |
| 5828957738 | coefficient of determiniation | the proportion of variability in a data set that is accounted for by a statistical model (r2) | 80 | |
| 5828957741 | census | a test or survey of the entire population | 81 | |
| 5828957745 | response bias | Anything in a survey design that influences responses | 82 | |
| 5828957746 | observational study | A study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed. | 83 | |
| 5828957747 | retrospective study | What study examines whether a past association exists between an exposure of interest and development of a present condition | 84 | |
| 5828957748 | prospective study | an observational study in which subjects are followed to observe future outcomes | 85 | |
| 5828957750 | control group | In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. |  | 86 |
| 5828957753 | trial | A performed experiment based upon the hypothesis you made | 87 | |
| 5828957754 | maximum | the largest value in a data set | 88 |