Animal Nutrition Flashcards

4976963339	the study of feedstuffs and their efficiency utilization by livestock in producing animal products such as: meat, milk wool and work	animal nutrition	0
4976969863	_______ is the largest production cost in the livestock industry (60-75%)	feed costs	1
4976978292	a feed constituent that is absorbed from the digestive tract and metabolized by the body to support life	nutrient	2
4976991969	6 classes of nutrients	water fats vitamins carbohydrates proteins minerals	3
4976999532	nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied though the diet	essential nutrients	4
4977005046	water comprises ____% of the body weight	70-75%	5
4977005196	functions of water	transport media for metabolic Rxns Thermoregulation lubricant gives cells shape	6
4977015730	what is the most highly consumed nutrient?	water	7
4977023835	animals will die more quickly from lack of _________ than lack of any other nutrient	water	8
4977029129	the older the animals is and the fatter the animal is the less ___________ is retained	water	9
4977031994	average daily consumption of water in swine	1.5 - 3 gal / day	10
4977037428	average daily consumption of water in cattle	10 - 14 gal / day	11
4977042424	average daily consumption of water in horses	10 - 14 gal / day	12
4977047218	average daily consumption of water in sheep	1 - 3 gal / day	13
4977081873	elements in carbs	C H O(low)	14
4977087158	nutrient whose primary function is to provide energy (ATP)	carbohydrate	15
4977108569	heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degrees Celsius	Calorie (1 kcal =1000cal = 1 Cal)	16
4977148032	energy content of carbohydrates	4.2 kcal / g	17
4977172607	simple sugars consisting of 5-6 carbons	monosaccharides	18
4977180831	4 prominent monosaccharides	glucose fructose galactose ribose/deoxyribose	19
4977193954	process of turning glucose into energy (ATP)	glycolysis	20
4977201309	3 prominent disaccharides	sucrose (Glu+Fru) lactose (Glu+Gal) maltose (Glu+Glu)	21
4977235364	5 prominent polysaccharides	starch glycogen cellulose hemicellulose lignin	22
4977259466	bonded by a 1-4 linkages broken down by amylase energy storage in plants found in concentrates	starches (Glu)n	23
4977280179	high energy, low fiber feedstuff that is highly digestible (ex. corn, grain, sorghum, wheat)	concentrate	24
4977288546	animal starch; stored in liver and muscle	glycogen	25
4977297964	bonded by B 1-4 linkages broken down by cellulase found in cell wall lowly digestible found in roughages	cellulose (Glu)n	26
4977302954	high fiber, low energy feedstuff that is lowly digestible (ex. hay, pasture, and silage)	roughage	27
4977309083	indigestible carb	lignin	28
4977313336	a and B 1-4 linkages in this carb	hemicellulose	29
4977317949	energy source of fats/lipids	9.45 kcal / g	30
4977326423	functions of carbs (2)	energy source fiber content	31
4977333974	_______% of dry matter in feedstuff is carbs	50-75%	32
4977343715	laxative effect healthy lining and muscle tone of digestive tract correct fx of GI tract	fiber	33
4977347180	elements in fats/lipids	C H O(low)	34
4977360684	simple lipids; composed of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids; formed by condensation Rxn	triglycerides	35
4977378850	2 Carbon fatty acid =	acetic acid	36
4977383404	2 types of fatty acids	saturated (no C=C) unsaturated (>1 C=C)	37
4977400321	primarily saturated and/or long chain fatty acids; come from animals	fats (solid)	38
4977405330	short chain and/or unsaturated fatty acids; come from plants	oils (liquid)	39
4977431494	________ _________ can impact the physical characteristics of carcass fat in monogastrics (ex. peanuts to pigs)	dietary lipids	40
4977439140	3 essential fatty acids	linoleic acid linolenic acid arachidonic acid	41
4977446342	linoleic acid synthesizes __________ acid	arachidonic acid	42
4977450244	3 compound lipids	glycolipids lipoproteins phospholipids	43
4977460809	3 classifications of fats/lipids	simples lipids compound lipids sterols	44
4977468165	involved in membrane structure and a precursor for other compounds	cholesterol	45
4977470595	steroid hormones	testosterone, estrogen	46
4977478475	3 types of sterols	cholesterol steroid hormones vitamin precursors (D)	47
4977485024	functions of fats/lipids	storage form of metabolic fuel transport energy absorb vitamins protect/insulate vital organs hormone precursors juiciness and flavor	48
4977515740	feedstuffs generally contain _______% fat/lipid, except for oilseed which contain up to _____%	1-4% and 18%	49
4977520855	elemental components of proteins	C H O N S	50
4977525977	primary function to provide building blocks for animal proteins	protein in feedstuff	51
4977531191	essential amino acids (20 total)	Methionine Arginine Threonine Tryptophan Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Valine Phenylalanine	52
4977558162	glycine, tyrosine, cysteine	semi-essental amino acids	53
4977565193	alanine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, serine, asparagine, proline	non-essential animo acids	54
4977573478	proteins are chains of amino acids that are linked by ___________ _________; formed by condensation Rxn	peptide bonds	55
4977576004	2 amino acids	dipeptide	56
4977576005	more than 2 amino acids	polypeptide	57
4977584164	functions of proteins	structure (muscle, hair, feather, cell wall) regulation protection energy	58
4977600324	energy of proteins	4 kcal / g	59
4977607622	regulation and protection proteins	enzymes hormones antibodies hemoglobin	60
4977612337	determined by the ability of an animal to digest and utilize the protein	protein quality	61
4977620673	crude protein of feedstuffs is calculated based on _____________ content	Nitrogen	62
4977624553	protein contains about _____% Nitrogen	16%	63
4977627017	%CP =	%Nitrogen x 6.25	64
4977637617	urea, uric acid, and molasses based supplements	non-protein nitrogen	65
4977654529	mammals cannot use _______________ __________ but microorganisms in the rumen can use them to synthesize microbial proteins	non-protein nitrogen	66
4977664085	large organic molecules needed in small amounts by animals	vitamins	67
4977668376	2 categories of vitamins	fat soluble water soluble	68
4977671767	list of fat soluble vitamins	A D E K	69
4977681481	mainly B vitamins, biotin, choline, folic acid, niacin, ....	water soluble vitamins	70
4977686760	vitamin requirements for monogastrics	ALL (fat+water)	71
4977692798	vitamin requirements for ruminants	fat soluble only (except for K bc it can be synthesized in rumen)	72
4977696819	functions of vitamins	metabolism absorption digestion	73
4977705869	vitamin important in maintaining body linings	A	74
4977708218	vitamin thats a blood clotting factor	K	75
4977710050	vitamin that prevents white muscle disease	E	76
4977713106	vitamin that stimulates bone metabolism	D	77
4977719261	chemical elements other than C H O and N needed for metabolism	minerals	78
4977719262	categories of minerals	macro micro/trace	79
4977733639	minerals needed and found in large quantities; Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, S	Macro	80
4977740105	minerals needed and found in small quantities; Cr, Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Zn	Micro/trace	81
4977740113	functions of minerals	structure (bone growth) metabolism (cofactors/coenzymes, energy storage) fluid balance (osmotic pressure) part of other compounds (Co->B12, I->thyroid, Fe->globin) nerve and muscle fxn	82
4977765127	3 types of concentrates	cereal grains (energy) oilseeds (protein) by-products	83
4977785740	examples of cereal grains	corn oats wheat sorghum barley rye	84
4977790029	examples of oilseeds	soybean cottonseed linseed	85
4977798189	examples of by-products	beet pulp molasses whey animal fat chicken litter	86
4977804352	2 types of roughages	legumes (^protein) grasses (^fiber)	87
4977811579	examples of legumes	clover alfalfa	88
4977815438	examples of grasses	bermuda grass bahia grass fescue	89
4977821389	forms of roughages	pasture hay (dried) silage/haylage (wet -> fermentation)	90
4977836054	separation of feed components into groups based on their feeding value	proximate analysis	91
4977844847	6 components of proximate analysis	moisture (water) crude protein crude fat (fat soluble vita) crude fiber (carbs) nitrogen-free extract (carbs, polysacc, water soluble vita) ash (minerals)	92
4977867232	the amount of a nutrient that is absorbed in the digestive tract; difference in nutrient content btw intake and excretion	digestibility	93
4977875074	% digestibility =	( nutrient in feed - nutrient in feces ) / nutrient in feed x 100	94
4977882292	digestibility of fat	70%	95
4977884675	digestibility of protein	77%	96
4977889948	which nutrients contribute to energy content of feeds?	carb fat protein	97
4977893149	2 methods to estimate energy content of feeds	total digestible nutrients metabolize energy and net energy (more accurate)	98
4977909727	based on the proximate analysis and digestibility measures for a feed; = digestible protein + d fat(x2.25) + d fiber + d N-free extract	total digestible nutrients (TDN)	99
4977917955	5 processes in proximate analysis	Drying Cooking N-Analyzer/Combustion Ether Extraction Polarizer Acid/base Extraction	100
4977927148	drying process in proximate analysis	100 C for 4 hrs separates moisture and dry matter	101
4977930199	cooking process in proximate analysis	600 C for 4-6 hrs separates ash and organic matter	102
4977946717	N-analyzer/Combustion in proximate analysis	%N x 6.25 = CP separates protein and non-nitrogen material	103
4977951637	Ether extraction Polarizer in proximate analysis	takes out non-polar fat separates fat and carbs	104
4977959902	Acid/base extraction in proximate analysis	separates fiber and N-free extract	105
5122310430	the amount of a nutrient that is absorbed in the digestive tract	digestibility	106
5122313180	digestibility is the difference in nutrient content between ________ and ____________	intake and excretion	107
5122314044	equation for digestibility	(nutrient in feed - nutrient in feces) / nutrient in feed x 100%	108
5122323634	factors influencing TDN	dry matter content nutrient digestibility ash content fat content	109
5122363331	1st step in MENE	Total Energy ---> Digestible Energy 20-40% loss in Feces	110
5122367454	2nd step in MENE	Digestible Energy ---> Metabolize Energy 5-12% loss in Urine and Gases	111
5122369872	3rd step in MENE	Metabolize Energy ---> Net Energy 25% loss in form of Heat	112
5122371822	last step in MENE	Net Energy ---> Maintenance or Net Energy ---> Production (gain, lactation)	113
5122376385	nutrients for livestock provided from a mixture of multiple feedstuffs	diet	114
5122380906	_______ _________ is used to calculate a specific percentage diet from concentrate feedstuffs by using a diagram	pearson square	115
5122389239	maintenance requirements of the animal are based on ________ and __________ ___________	size and metabolic weight	116
5122391010	3 functions of Maintenance Requirements	maintain tissue balance provide energy replace nutrients lost through basal metabolism	117
5122394029	metabolic weight =	( body weight ) ^ 0.75	118
5122398920	about _____________ of the nutrients fed to livestock are used for maintenance	50% / half	119
5122403858	nutrient % for maintenance in feedlot situation	30-40%	120
5122405018	nutrient % for maintenance in mature breeding animal	>85%	121
5122408393	nutrients provided in excess of maintenance requirements can be used for ________________	production	122
5122410594	4 ways Nutrient Utilization is used for Production	Skeletal & Muscle Growth Reproduction Milk/Wool Production Work	123
5122416735	simple stomach animals usually with an acid environment; ex pig, horse, chicken, human	monogastrics	124
5122419306	2 component functions of the Mouth	chewing/mastication, and salivation	125
5122420778	functions of salivation	adds moisture lubricates source of enzymes for monogastrics buffers pH (bicarbonate salts)	126
5122423541	component function of Esophagus	passageway for food from mouth to stomach (or mouth to reticulo-rumen in ruminants)	127
5122424150	component function of Stomach	storage and digestion of food muscle contractions-> physical breakdown	128
5122431424	fiction of HCl in stomach	lowers pH kills bacteria activates enzymes (pepsin and rennin)	129
5122433801	enzymes in the stomach	Pepsin Rennin limited Lipase	130
5122434545	pepsin function	protein degredation	131
5122435984	rennin function	coagulates milk protein	132
5122441651	name of food content moving from stomach --> small intestine	chyme	133
5122443450	component function of small intestine	main point of digestion and absorption	134
5122444364	3 sections of the small intestine	1st - duodenum middle - jejunum end - ileum	135
5122447431	digestion transitions in the small intestine	polypeptides --> animo acids starch --> monosaccharides lipids --> fatty acids	136
5122451265	digestive organs associated with small intestine	Gall Bladder Bile Pancreas	137
5122452807	secretes bile produced in the liver; horses don't have one	gall bladder	138
5122453417	encapsulates and degrades fats	bile	139
5122454808	secretes enzymes into the duodenum to breakdown macromolecules ; also secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels	pancreas	140
5122457672	food sources of carbs (4)	starch maltose lactose sucrose	141
5122460115	starch .....	amylase saliva , pancreas maltose	142
5122462303	maltose ....	maltase small intestine / duo glucose	143
5122463053	lactose....	lactase small intestine/ duo glu + galactose	144
5122464798	sucrose .....	sucrase small intestine/ duo glu +fructose	145
5122468047	food source of fats (1)	lipids	146
5122469070	lipid ......	lipase stomach, pancreas monoglycerides, glycerol, fatty acids	147
5122471596	food sources of proteins (6)	milk protein protein polypeptides peptides dipeptides nucleoproteins	148
5122474385	milk protein ....	rennin stomach coagulated milk protein	149
5122475700	protein.....	pepsin + HCl stomach polypeptides	150
5122478807	polypeptides (ends-peptidase) .......	trypsin, and chymotrypsin pancreas peptides	151
5122484383	peptides (eco-peptidase) ......	carboxypeptidase \|\| aminopeptidase pancreas \|\| small intestine/ duo peptides + Amino Acid	152
5122487941	dipeptides .......	dipiptidase small intestine/ duo amino acids	153
5122490809	nucleoproteins .....	nucleotidase \|\| nucleosidase small intestine " nucleotides, nucleosides \|\| purines , pyrimidines	154
5122506838	metabolites travel to the _________ and are further metabolized or detoxified	liver	155
5122507537	3 components of large intestine	cecum colon rectum	156
5122510268	blind end of the anterior large intestine	cecum/ proximal colon	157
5122511198	importance of proximal colon/cecum in horses	site of microbial digestion microbes digest cellulose and produce volatile fatty acids	158
5122513440	major site of water absorption	colon	159
5122513935	expels material out of the body	rectum	160
5122515278	4-footed, even-toed, cud-chewing animals which have a stomach congestion of four divisions	ruminants	161
5122515279	4 chambers of ruminant stomach (in order)	rumen reticulum omasum abomasum	162
5122518333	foregut fermenters	cattle, sheep, goat	163
5122519233	hind-gut fermenters	horse, rabbit	164
5122521996	describe cow's mouth	dental pad, no upper teeth long papillae tongue for no enzymes	165
5122523089	describe sheep/goat mouth	split lip = close grazers dental pad no enzymes	166
5122534035	anaerobic cat; ~60% of stomach capacity (cow = 40gal); major site of fermentation	rumen	167
5122535848	functions of Papillae in Rumen	absorption inc surface area ionophores (buffer) fatty acid saturase (unsat --> sat)	168
5122540474	separates reticulum from rumen	reticulo-rumen fold	169
5122543226	when foreign objects migrate through rumen to abdominal cavity/thoracic cavity and cause infection	hardware disease	170
5122544398	distribution of particles in the Reticulum	heavy particles settle and stay light particles float to rumen	171
5122546853	5% of ruminant stomach capacity; honeycomb tripe	reticulum	172
5122547462	functions of omasum	water absorption sorting/grinding hard	173
5122551124	glandular / true / acid stomach in ruminants	abomasum	174
5122551789	secretions of the abomasum	HCl pepsin lysozyme (break down cell wall)	175
5122558476	structure present in baby ruminants where milk passes directly to the abomasum	reticular/esophageal groove	176
5122561939	rumen ______________ occurs when mothers groom their calves or when cows groom other cows and transfer their enzymes and bacteria to other cows	immunization	177
5122562424	symbiosis in the rumen	Ruminants provide home and food for anaerobic microbes, and microbes give proteins, vitamins, and digestibility	178
5122567914	aka cud chewing ; regurgitation of ingesta from the reticulum --> remastication --> reswallowing	rumination	179
5122572458	burping in cows, to prevent bloating	eructation	180
5122575319	Beta 1-4 bonded glucose chains that require cellulase to break down	cellulose	181
5122578652	microbes produce __________ ___________ __________ as they breakdown cellulose and other fibrous food components	volatile fatty acids	182
5122583964	VFA usage =	energy requirements	183
5122586573	converts VFAs to glucose (energy) through gluconeogenesis for use in fatty acid synthesis	liver	184
5122594099	how can RUP (rumen undigestible proteins) bypass the rumen	acid soluble coatings	185
5122601094	in most ruminants, and horses, chewing occurs only on ____ ______	one side	186
5122606195	muscle that keeps the food in the stomach from coming back up the esophagus	pyloric valve	187
5122609185	1st stop at digestion for chickens	crop	188
5122609851	true stomach in chickens	proventriculous	189
5122612261	highly muscular, hard organ that grinds and breaks down feed in chickens	gizzard	190
5122614712	organ of ruminants that is similar to appendix in humans	cecum	191