AP World History (6) Flashcards

6532175097	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291.	0
6532175098	Saadin	(1137-1193); Muslim ruler of Egypt and Syria; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms.	1
6532175099	Ibn Khaldun	great Muslim historian; author of The Muqaddimah; sought to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynastic history.	2
6532175100	Shah-Nama	epic poem written by Firdawsi in the late 10th and early 11th centuries; recounts the history of Persia to the era of Islamic conquests.	3
6532175101	ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking.	4
6532175102	al-Ghazali	brilliant Islamic theologian; attempted to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions.	5
6532175103	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph.	6
6532175104	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms.	7
6532175105	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan; continued his work, taking Baghdad in 1258.	8
6532175106	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt, descended from Turkish slaves.	9
6532175107	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab general who conquered Sind and made it part of the Umayyad Empire.	10
6532175108	Mahmud of Ghazni	ruler of an Afghan dynasty; invaded northern India during the 11th century.	11
6532175109	Muhammad of Ghur	Persian ruler of a small Afghan kingdom; invaded and conquered much of northern India.	12
6532175110	Qutb-ud- din Aibak	lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with the capital at Delhi.	13
6532175111	bhaktic cults	Hindu religious groups who stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddesses—especially Shiva, Vishnu, and Kali.	14
6532175112	Mir Bai	low-caste woman poet and songwriter in bhaktic cults.	15
6532175113	Kabir	15th-century Muslim mystic who played down the differences between Hinduism and Islam.	16
6532175114	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam.	17
6532175115	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya.	18
6532175116	Demak	most powerful of the trading states on the north Java coast; converted to Islam and served as a dissemination point to other regions.	19
6532175117	Cyrus the Great	(c. 576 or 590-529 B.C.E.); founded Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires.	20
6532175118	Zoroastrianism	Persian religion that saw material existence as a battle between the forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; a last judgment decided the eternal fate of each person.	21
6532175119	Olympic Games	one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek citystates; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations.	22
6532175120	Pericles	Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian Empire.	23
6532175121	Peloponnesian War	war from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for domination in Greece; the Spartans won but failed to achieve political unification in Greece.	24