cH.5 CELLULAR MOLECULES AND MACROMOLECULES Flashcards

6766129917	Cellular Macromolecules	All living things are made up of 3 classes of large biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	0
6766141590	Lipids vs other	All but lipids are polymers	1
6766148640	Polymer	a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks	2
6766153129	Monomer	the repeating units that serve as building blocks	3
6766160887	Polymers- Carbohydrates (Polysaccharide)	Monomers- Monosaccharides	4
6766167616	Polymers-Nucleic Acids	Monomers- Nucleotide	5
6766171471	Polymers-Proteins	Monomers-Amino Acids	6
6766209507	Dehydration	A chemical reaction in which 2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule	7
6766180551	1. Synthesis	building polymers -dehydration -covalent bonds between monomers -endergonic -enzyme catalyst	8
6766230005	Between Monomers	Covalent bonds	9
6766232574	Endergonic	requires energy	10
6766238202	Enzyme Catalyst	a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that speeds the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction -most are proteins	11
6766270738	B. Breakdown	-hydrolysis -energy released ATP-ADP -digestion	12
6766285001	Hydrolysis	a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers	13
6766301532	Digestion	the breaking down of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb	14
6766310220	Macromolecules	proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates	15
6766322167	Carbohydrates	sugars and starches	16
6766324805	Functions of Carbs	structure, energy, storage	17
6766353035	Monosaccharides	have a molecular formula that are multiple of the unit CH2O -glucose is most common	18
6766368202	Glycosidic Linkages	joins 2 monosaccarides making a disaccharide (sucrose most common-table sugar) -it is a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction	19
6766384134	In Carbs	Shape matters	20
6776342605	Sucrose- Carbs	made of glucose and fructose	21
6776346000	Carbs- Alpha glucose	used to form polymer starch	22
6776347353	Carbs- Beta glucose	used to form polymer cellulose	23
6776351271	Chemical equilibrium	between linear and ring structures favors rings	24
6776356309	Polysaccharides	the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles -their structure and function are determined	25
6776361663	Disaccharides	Lactose Intolerance	26
6776363997	Lipids	are the one class of large macromolecules that does not include the polymers -they mix poorly if at all with water -are hydrophobic b/c they consist mostly of hydrocarbons	27
6776375474	Hydrocarbons	form covalent bonds	28
6776378351	Most important lipids	fats, phospholipids, and steroids	29
6776387390	Lipids-Uses	cell membranes, insulation (trap heat), cushioning organs, sufactants on lungs, hormones, energy storage: >2x carbs	30
6776397808	Fats and Oils	gylcerol + 3 fatty acids (ester linkage triacylglycerol) -nonpolar covalent bonds (c-h) -single or double	31
6776408481	Fatty acids	vary in length(number of carbons) and in the # and locations of double bonds	32
6776415632	Saturated Fatty Acids	have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds - in animals for insulation -ex. butter, lard	33
6776421945	Unsaturated Fatty Acids	have one or more double bonds ex. olive, fish, vegetable oil, plants and fish use it	34
6776427710	Monosaturated	1 double bond	35
6776429585	Polysaturated	>1 bond	36
6776431392	Trans Fat	unsaturated w/ trans-isomer fatty acids -no bends -hard to bond with -hydrogenation (more saturated) ex. margarine	37
6776444607	Trans Fat Risk- Triglycerides	type of fat found in blood hardening of arteries	38
6776449606	Trans Fat Risk- Lp(a) liprotein	Lp(a) is a type of LDL cholesterol, causes more inflammation	39
6776454788	Phospholipids	glycerol + 2 fatty acids -3rd hydroxyl group -hydrophilic polar head -2 hydrophobic -bilayers -self assemble in presence of H2O	40
6776464168	Steroids	4 fused C rings + functional groups ex. cholesterol (synthesized in liver), estradiol, testosterone, pheromones	41
6776473843	Proteins	-polypeptides - a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides	42
6776478915	Protein Uses	structure, storage, movement, immunity, enzymes, critical in every biological process	43
6776488343	Enzymes	-most proteins are - control metabolism in a cell selectively facilitating chemical reactions -selective acceleration of chemical reactions ex. digestion	44
6776498993	Proteins-Monomers	- amino acids - same base -side chain ("r" group) varies - physical and chemical properties determine characteristics= role polypeptide	45
6776517460	Amino Acids	-9 non-polar AAs -6 polar AAs (moderately hydrophilic side chains) -Charged AAs (every hydrophilic side chains)	46
6776533055	Protein Formation	-peptide bonds - this is a dehydration reaction between amine and carboxyl - joined one at a time to form proteins, using covalent linkages called peptide bonds	47
6776543613	Protein Conformation (Structure)- 1	-linear sequence of AAs -varies in: #, order, identity -b/c of chemistry of amino acid polymerization - always begin with amine and end with carboxyl -length, order, and identity of amino acid distinguishes 2 different proteins	48
6776561045	2nd Structure	-H bonding between peptide bonds -common shapes: alpha helixes, beta-pleated sheet -these structures arise b/c different peptide bonds can hydrogen bond to each other id oriented a certain way	49
6776576703	3rd structure	-3D structure determines protein function -interactions between R groups -controlled by 1st structure	50
6776587827	4th Structure	-only some proteins -2+polypeptides permanently bond together to form a functional unit	51
6776599357	Denaturation	the loss of protein's native structure - denatured protein is biologically inactive and uncoiled -does not disrupt primary structure' ex. egg=permanent ex. warmed milk- can be cooled=temporary	52
6776607000	Unraveling of Proteins	can be caused by pH, salt concentration, temp, or other environmental factors	53
6776620743	Nucleic acids	the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a gene (consist of DNA, a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides)	54
6776641101	The Roles of Nucleic Acids	-DNA provides directions for its own replication -DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), controls protein synthesis -gene expression, important because the flow of genetic info can be summarized as DNA-RNA-Protein	55
6776659333	2 Types of Nucleic Acids	DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid RNA- ribonucleic acid	56
6776664936	Nucleotides	- N containing base -Phosphate - 5 Carb -nulceoside (nitrogenous base and sugars)	57
6776672376	Bases	Cytosine, thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine	58
6776682815	Pyrimidines	-6 member ring -cytosine, thymine, uracil	59
6776692897	Purines	fused 5 and 6 member rings -adenine and guanine	60
6776698982	DNA/RNA Synthesis	a DNA strand (or DNA molecule) is synthesized by bonding the phosphate of one nucleotide	61
6776708281	Bonding the phosphate of one nucleotide for DNA/RNA synthesis	this covalent bonding results in a phosphodiester linkage and creates a repeating backbone of sugar-phosphate units, with the bases extended sideways	62
6776724468	DNA strands held together by H bonds	- 2 purines will not form a base-pair -2 pyrimidines will not form a base pair	63
6776728769	RNA	base-uracil sugar-ribose -single stranded -molecule usually shorter	64
6776733860	DNA	base-thymine sugar-deoxyribose double strands	65