Chapter 10 Vocab World Civilizations The Global Experience (AP & 6th Edition) Flashcards

5294891184	Middle Ages	The period in western european history from the decline and fall of the roman empire until the 15th century	0
5294891185	Vikings	Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries	1
5294891186	Manorialism	A system that described the economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land	2
5294891187	Serfs	Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the middle ages	3
5294891188	Moldboard	Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system	4
5294891189	Three-field System	System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow	5
5294891190	Clovis	Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom	6
5294891191	Carolingians	Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century	7
5294891192	Charles Martel	(686 - 741) Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe	8
5294891193	Charlemagne	Charles the Great; carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800.	9
5294891194	Holy Roman Emperors	Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany	10
5294891195	Vassals	Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	11
5294891196	William the Conqueror	Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy	12
5294891197	Magna Carta	Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy	13
5294891198	Parliaments	Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France	14
5294891199	Three Estates	The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders	15
5294891200	Hundred Years' War	Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states	16
5294891201	Urban II	(A Pope) Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims	17
5294891202	Gregory VII	Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free Church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture	18
5294891203	Investiture	Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	19
5294891204	Peter Abelard	(1079 - 1142) Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine	20
5294891205	Bernard of Clairvaux	(1090 - 1153) Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities	21
5294891206	Thomas Aquinas	(1225 - 1274) Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	22
5294891207	Scholasticism	Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	23
5294891208	Gothic	An architectural style that developed during the middle ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls	24
5294891209	Hanseatic League	An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	25
5294891210	Guilds	Sworn associations of people in the same business or trade in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities	26
5294891211	Black Death	A plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure	27